The soil contains clay particles, some grass

particle and even some dead insects , etc. now

sugar which contains particles of only one
kind is called a pure substances whereas soil
which contains particles of different kinds is
called an impure substances. From this we
conclude that all the matter around us is not
pure.


Matter is classified into
two :-
Element
Compound
mixture

ELEMENTS

An element is a substances which cannot be split up into two
or more simpler substances by the usual chemical methods of
applying heat, light or electric energy. an element is a
substances which is made of only one kind of atoms . For
example,copper metal is made of only one kind of atoms called
copper atoms,so copper metal is an element .
Elements is classified into 3 categories :
1. Metals
2. Non- metal s
3. Metalloids
METALS NON-METALS
1. Metals are malleable. Non metals are not malleable
2. Metals are ductile Non metals are not ductile
3. Metals are good conductors of heat
and electricity.
They are poor conductor of electricity
and heat.
4. Metals are generally hard and
strong
They are not hard and strong.
5. They have high tensile strength. They have low tensile strength.
6. Metals are lustrous. They have dull appearance.
7.Metals have high melting and boiling
point
They have low melting and boiling
point.
The element which shows some properties of
metals and some other properties of non-
metals are called metalloids.
Their properties are intermediate between the
properties of metals and non-metals.
Metalloids are sometime called semi-metals.
The important examples of metalloids are :
Boron(B),Silicon(Si),and Germanium(Ge).






A compound is a substances made up of two or more elements
chemically combined in a fixed proportion by mass.
For example : water is a compound made up of two elements,
hydrogen and oxygen, chemically combined in a fixed proportion
of 1:8 by mass.
Compound can be further divided into 3 classes : acids , bases
and salts, on the basis of their properties . For example:
sulphuric acid is an acid , sodium hydroxide is a base whereas
sodium sulphate is a salt.
PROPERTIES OF COMPOUNDS
A compound cannot be separated into components by physical
methods.
The properties of a compound are entirely different from those
of its constituent elements.
The composition of a compound is a fixed , the constituents
are present in a fixed proportion by mass.
A compound has a fixed melting points, boiling point etc.
A compound is a homogeneous mixture.
Energy is usually either given out or absorbed during the
preparation of a compound. The formation of a compound is a
chemical change.

MIXTURE
o The mixture is a substances which consist of two or more
elements or compound not chemically combined together.
o Air is a mixture of gases like oxygen, nitrogen, argon,
carbon dioxide and water vapour etc.
o All the solution are mixture.
o The various substances present in a mixture are known
as constituent of the mixture or component of the
mixture.
o For example: air, milk, ink, brass, petrol etc.
TYPES OF MIXTURE
HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE HETROGENEOUS MIXTURE
Substances are completely mixed
together.
Substances remain separate.
Substances are indistinguishable. Substances are distinguishable.
They have uniform composition
throughout its mass
They does not have uniform
composition throughout its mass
All the homogeneous mixtures are
solutions.
All heterogeneous mixture are
suspensions.
Examples are sugar solution, salt
solution
Examples are chalk water, sand
dissolved in water
PROPERTIES OF MIXTURE
A mixture can be separated into its constituents by
physical processes like filtration, evaporation, solvents
magnet etc.
A mixture shows the properties of all the constituent
present in it.
Energy is usually neither given out nor absorbed in the
preparation of a mixture. So, the formation of a mixture
is a physical change.
The composition of a mixture is variable , the
constituents can be present in any proportion by mass.
A mixture does not have a definite melting point,
boiling point etc.
A mixture is usually heterogeneous.
SOLUTION
A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more
substances. A homogeneous mixture means that the mixture
is just same throughout. For example: vinegar, air, salt
solution etc.
The substances like salt, sugar etc. which dissolve in water
completely are said to be soluble in water. Only soluble
substances farm true solution. Copper sulphate is soluble in
water. So, copper sulphate dissolve in water to form copper
sulphate solution. Copper sulphate solution is a true solution
which is blue in colour.
PROPERTIES OF SOLUTION
A solution is a homogeneous mixture.
The size of solute particle is extremely small. It is less than
1nm in diameter .
The particle of a solution cannot be seen even with a
microscope.
The particle of a solution pass through the filter paper. So,
he solution cannot be separated by filtration.
The solution are very stable. The particle of solute present in
a solution do not separated out on keeping.
A true solution does not scatter light.
SUSPENSIONS
Those substances which are insoluble in
water form suspension. A suspension is a
heterogeneous mixture in which the small
particle of a solid are spread throughout a
liquid without dissolving in it. For example:
muddy water, flour in water, milk of
magnesia, chalk water mixture etc.
PROPERTIES OF SUSPENSIONS
A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture.
The size of solute particle in a suspension is
quite larger .it is larger than 100nm in diameter.
The particle of a suspension can be seen easily.
The particle of a suspension do not pass
through filter paper.
The suspension are unstable.
A suspension scatters a beam of light passing
through it.
COLLOIDS
A colloid is a kind of solution in which the size of
solute particle is intermediate between those in
true solution and those in suspension. The size
of solute particles in a colloids is bigger than
that of a true solution but smaller than those of a
suspension. Though colloids appear to be
homogeneous to us but actually they are found
to be heterogeneous when observed through a
high power microscope. So, a colloids is not a
true solution. for example : milk, ink, blood , jelly
etc.
PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS
A colloids appear to be homogeneous but actually it
is heterogeneous.
The size of particle in a colloid is bigger than those in
a true solution but smaller than those in a
suspension.
The particles of most of the colloid cannot be seen
even with a microscope.
The particles of a colloid can pass through a filter
paper so a colloid cannot be separated by filtration.
The colloids are quite stable.
a colloid scatters a beam of light passing through it.
Physical change Chemical change
1. No new substance is formed. A new substance is formed.
2. A physical change is a temporary
change.
A chemical change is a permanent
change
3. A physical change is easily
reversible.
A chemical change is usually
irreversible.
4. Very little heat energy is usually
absorbed or given out in physical
change.
A lot of heat energy is absorbed or
given out in a chemical change.
5. The mass of a substance does not
alter in a physical change
Mass of substance does alter in a
chemical change.
SEPARATION OF MIXTURE
By filtration
By centrifugation
By evaporation
By crystallization
By chromatography
By distillation
SEPARATION BY FILTRATION
Filtration is used for separating insoluble
substances from a liquid.
Solid substance left behind is called residue and
clear liquid obtained is called filtrate.
A mixture of chalk and water is separated by
filtration.
A heterogeneous mixture of solid and liquid can
be separated by filtration.
Filtration cannot remove solid substances which
is dissolved in liquid like sugar solution
SEPARATION BY CENTRIFUGATION
Centrifugation is a method for separating the
suspend particles of a substances from a
liquid in which the mixture is rotated at a high
speed in a centrifuge.
We can separate the clay particles
suspended in water very rapidly by method
of centrifugation.
Cream from milk is also separated by this
method.
SEPARATION BY EVAPORATION
This method is used to separate solid
substance which is dissolved in water.
Common salt dissolved in water is separated
by evaporation.
Evaporation is used for recovering solid
substances from liquid mixture but the liquid
itself cannot be recovered by this method
liquid get lost in the process.
SEPARATION BY CHROMATOGRAPHY
It is a technique of separating two or more
dissolved which are present in a solution in
very small quantities.
Separation is based on the fact that though
two or more substances are soluble in the
liquid but their solubility will be different.
Black ink is a mixture of several dyes which
can be separated by paper chromatography.
SEPARATION BY DISTILLATION
It is the process of heating a liquid to form
vapour, and then cooling the vapour to get back
liquid.
The liquid obtained by distilling is called
distillate.
When the homogeneous mixture of solid and a
liquid is heated in a closed distillation flask , the
liquid, being volatile, forms vapour. The vapour
of liquid are passed through a condenser
where they get cooled and condense to form
pure liquid. This pure liquid is collected in a
separate vessel. The solid, being non-volatile,
remains behind in the distillation flask.