The document summarizes key aspects of Jewish history, including major periods of dispersion and persecution such as the Babylonian exile in 597 BC, the Roman captivity beginning in the 1st century AD, and the ongoing diaspora. It also discusses the origins and spread of anti-Semitism, major Jewish movements, and influential figures such as Theodor Herzl, founder of modern political Zionism.
The document summarizes key aspects of Jewish history, including major periods of dispersion and persecution such as the Babylonian exile in 597 BC, the Roman captivity beginning in the 1st century AD, and the ongoing diaspora. It also discusses the origins and spread of anti-Semitism, major Jewish movements, and influential figures such as Theodor Herzl, founder of modern political Zionism.
The document summarizes key aspects of Jewish history, including major periods of dispersion and persecution such as the Babylonian exile in 597 BC, the Roman captivity beginning in the 1st century AD, and the ongoing diaspora. It also discusses the origins and spread of anti-Semitism, major Jewish movements, and influential figures such as Theodor Herzl, founder of modern political Zionism.
their religion and their faith in one God enabled the Jews to retain a national identity wherever they found themselves.
The word JEW refers to all of the physical and spiritual descendants of Jacob/Israel, as well as to the patriarchs Abraham and Isaac and their wives. MAJOR JUDAISM MOVEMENTS
Orthodox Conservative Reform Reconstructionist FILIPINO JEWS BAR MITZVAH BABYLONIAN EXILE ALSO CALLED BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY, THE FORCED DETENTION OF JEWS IN BABYLONIA FOLLOWING THE LATTERS CONQUEST OF THE KINGDOM OF JUDAH IN BC 598/7 AND 587/6 The Chaldeans, following standard Mesopotamian practice, deported the Jews after they had conquered Jerusalem in 597 BC. 10,00 people were forced to relocate to BABYLON, the capital of Chaldean empire. Nebuchadnezzar, the king of the Chaldeans, only deported the most prominent citizens of Judah: professionals, priests, craftsmen, and the wealthy. The "people of the land" (am-hares ) were allowed to stay the Jews formed their own community in Babylon and retained their religion, practices, and philosophies but for the most part, the community remained united in its common faith in Yahweh
they blamed the disaster of the Exile on their own impurity. the Babylonian Exile was proof of Yahweh's displeasure. During this period, Jewish leaders no longer spoke about a theology of judgment, but a theology of salvation It is most likely that the Torah took its final shape during this period or shortly afterward, and that it became the central text of the Jewish faith at this time as well
when Cyrus the Persian conquered Mesopotamia, he allowed the Jews to return home ROMAN CAPTIVITY The Romans suppressed Jewish revolts and destroyed the Temple in Jerusalem (1st century AD). The Romans slaughtered and enslaved the Jews. Survivors spread throughout the Roman world, the Middle East, North Africa, and Europe. This is today known as the Diaspora.
DIASPORA Encyclopedia Britannica: Diaspora, ( Greek: Dispersion) Hebrew Galut (Exile), dispersion of Jews among the Gentiles after the Babylonian Exile; or the aggregate of Jews or Jewish communities scattered in exile outside Palestine or present- day Israel.
From almost the beginning of the Common Era, Judea was ruled by Roman procurators, whose chief responsibility was to collect and deliver an annual tax to the empire
Constantine -a great warrior and man of considerable talents, rose to the top of the political ladder -became the emperor of Rome -did not find a favorable response from the Jewish community which intensified his anti-Jewish feeling -his conversion marked a very significant, long-term weakening of the Jewish presence in Israel
As with all revolutionaries, when the Christians gained power they were more brutal than those they replaced. They, who had for years pleaded for religious tolerance, now said no other religion was acceptable except Christianity
they threw non-Christians to the lions
JESUS CHRIST AND THE JEWS Jews rejected the idea of Jesus' messianic divinity, a belief antithetical to the fundamental basis of Christianity
He is seen as a "false messiah
According to Jewish scripture and belief, the true Messiah (pronounced "moshiach" in Hebrew) must meet the following requirements:
*Be an observant Jewish man descended from the house of King David *Be an ordinary human being (as opposed to the Son of God) *Bring peace to the world *Gather all Jews back into Israel *Rebuild the ancient Temple in Jerusalem *Unite humanity in the worship of the Jewish God and Torah observance START OF ANTI SEMITISM Apostolic Line Apostles with one specified student Special students in return specified one student so on Jews found themselves increasingly isolated as outsiders. For centuries the Church taught that Jews were responsible for Jesus' death. But who really killed Jesus? Rulers placed restrictions on Jews, barring them from holding certain jobs and from owning land.
Early Church did not permit usury(lending money at interest), Jews came to fill the vital role of moneylenders for the Christian majority.
Jews became scapegoats for many problems people suffered, such as Black Death.
PROTOCOLS OF THE ELDERS OF ZION Many school textbooks throughout the Arab and Islamic world teach the Protocols as fact. This is the most notorious and most successful work of modern antisemitism. JEWISH SUBGROUPS Ashkenazi- trace their origins to 7th century Europe, when Jews first arrived in the Rhineland.
Sephardi- meaning Spain The descendants of Jews who left Spain or Portugal after the 1492 expulsion are referred to as Sephardim. The word Sephardim comes from the Hebrew word for Spain, Sepharad, that is stated in the Bible. DIASPORA The dispersion of the Jews beyond Israel
Encyclopedia Britannica: Diaspora, ( Greek: Dispersion) Hebrew Galut (Exile), dispersion of Jews among the Gentiles after the Babylonian Exile; or the aggregate of Jews or Jewish communities scattered in exile outside Palestine or present-day Israel. Gentiles a person who is not Jewish PERSECUTION Anti-Semitism - is the prejudice, discrimination and hatred of Jews as a national, ethnic, religious or racial group The word "pogrom" is employed in many languages to describe specifically the attacks accompanied by looting and bloodshed against the Jews in Russia The pogroms of the 1880s took place during the period of confusion which prevailed in Russia after the assassination of Czar Alexander II by members of the revolutionary organization Narodnaya Volya on March 13, 1881. Anti-Jewish circles spread a rumor that the czar had been assassinated by Jews and that the government had authorized attacks on them. One reaction to the pogroms was the birth of a nationalist and Zionist movement among the Jews of Russia, while many of the Jewish youth joined the revolutionary movement. The year 1881, the first year of the pogroms, was a turning point not only for Russian Jewry but also for the whole of the Jewish people. GHETTO The term "ghetto" originated from the name of the Jewish quarter in Venice, established in 1516, in which the Venetian authorities compelled the city's Jews to live. Various officials, ranging from local municipal authorities to the Austrian Emperor Charles V, ordered the creation of ghettos for Jews in Frankfurt, Rome, Prague, and other cities in the 16th and 17th centuries. GHETTO (VENICE, ITALY) While Jews did not settle in Venice until the 13 th century, many Jewish merchants and moneylenders visited and worked in the city beginning with the 10 th century. In 1290, Jewish merchants and moneylenders were allowed to work in Venice, but were forced to pay a special tax of five percent on all their import and export transactions The Senate decided to expel the Jews from the city in 1394 due to fears of Jewish encroachment in certain economic spheres. Those who were not moneylenders were allowed to remain in the city, albeit with certain restrictions. Jews were forced to wear various markings on their clothing to identify themselves as Jews. In 1394 they had to wear a yellow badge, it was changed to a yellow hat in 1496 and to a red hat in 1500. Venice received an influx of immigrants from Spain and Portugal following the expulsion in 1492. In 1516, the doges, Venices ruling council, debated whether Jews should be allowed to remain in the city They decided to let the Jews remain, but their residence would be confined to Ghetto Nuova, a small, dirty island. Jews were only permitted to work at pawn shops, act as money lenders, work the Hebrew printing press, trade in textiles or practice medicine. Despite the poor living conditions, Jewish community life continued to grow inside the ghetto. Jews were also able to build their own free school, the only one in Venice. Christians came to the ghetto to visit Jewish banks, doctors or shop for spices, jewelry and fabrics. Jews controlled much of Venices foreign trade by the mid-1600s. The Sephardic groups gained influence and wealth in the Venetian economy. THE PROTOCOLS OF THE ELDERS OF ZION The Protocols of the Elders of Zion or The Protocols of the Meetings of the Learned Elders of Zion is an anti-Semitic hoax purporting to describe a Jewish plan for global domination.
These forged documents are presented as the minutes of a supposed meeting of world Jewish leaders in which they finalized plans to dominate the world, and suggest that Jews have formed secret organizations and agencies through which they aim to control and manipulate political parties, the economy, the press, and public opinion. The Protocols are published in countries throughout the world, including the United States, and used by antisemites to reinforce claims of a Jewish conspiracy. In the 1920s and 1930s, the Protocols are used to gain support for Nazi party antisemitic ideology and policies. THEODOR HERZL born May 2, 1860, Budapest, Hungary, Austrian Empire (now in Hungary)died July 3, 1904, Edlach, Austria. founder of the political form of Zionism, a movement to establish a Jewish homeland. The Jewish State (1896) In 1894, Captain Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish officer in the French army, was unjustly accused of treason, mainly because of the prevailing anti-Semitic atmosphere. Herzl concluded that anti-Semitism was a stable and immutable factor in human society, which assimilation did not solve. He declared that the Jews could gain acceptance in the world only if they ceased being a national anomaly. The Jews are one people, he said, and their plight could be transformed into a positive force by the establishment of a Jewish state with the consent of the great powers WHY ARE JEWS SO SMART?
Stanley J. Stein, Barbara H. Stein - Apogee of Empire - Spain and New Spain in The Age of Charles III, 1759 - 1789 (2003, The Johns Hopkins University Press)