PRINCIPLES OF

TEACHING
Introduction

Different approaches differ in the level of
teacher and student participation. We start
describing these approaches from that approach
with the highest to the lowest level of teacher
direction or from the lowest to the highest level of
student participation. On the basis of student
and teacher involvement, these methods are
categorized as direct/expository approach or
guided/exploratory approach.

Basic Concepts:
Approach - ones viewpoint toward teaching or
refers to what one believes in, regarding
teaching, upon which teaching behaviors are
based.

Method - a series of related and progressive
acts performed by a teacher and students to
achieve the objective of the lesson.

Two Types of Teaching Approaches
Direct
Approach
Indirect/
Guided
Approach
Expository Method
Deductive
Directive
Exploratory Method
Inductive
Exploratory
Inquiry
Laboratory
Problem Solving
Metacognition
Reflective
Constructivism
Demonstrative
When to use :
Direct Instruction/
Expository
Content oriented
Factual Information



Similar information
directly available
no effort to look for it
Guided Instruction/
Exploratory
Experience oriented
Developmental /
formulation of
concept, principles,
skills, attitudes, and
values
Information not
available needs to
be discovered yet
Direct/Expository Instruction
Approach

Direct instruction is a way of teaching which is
aimed at helping students acquire some basic
skills and procedural knowledge.
It is straight forward and is done in a step-by-
step manner. The emphasis is on how to
execute the steps of the entire procedure.
This may involve a simple or a complex skill
such as solving a problem by using
mathematical equations.
Attention is focused on every detail of the
procedure.

It includes presentation and recitation, as
well as teacher-student interactions.
Content mastery and overlearning of
fundamental facts.
Teachers need to arouse of heighten the
interest of the students.
Performance-based subjects such as Science,
Mathematics, Music and Physical Education are
taught by this technique.
Strategies use in Direct Instruction:
1. Lecture and Student Recitation
2. Deduction
3. Expository/didactic method
4. Demonstration method
To employ this methodology,
follow these steps:

-Provide the rationale

-Demonstrate the skill

-Provide guided practice

-Check for understanding and provide
feedback

-Provide extended practice and transfer

Characteristic of a Direct Instruction:

Teacher-directed and teacher dominated
Teaching of skill. The students gain how rather
than what (procedural knowledge). Each step
must be mastered
Step by step procedure with no step missed
Lesson objectives easily observed behaviours
that can be measured accurately. The level of
performance can be assess from the number of
steps performed correctly
Form of learning through imitation ( behavioral
modeling)

Sample Lessons with Step-By-Step Tasks
Executing steps of a folkdance
Steps in preparing a meal
Writing a letter
Solving Math problems

Examples:
Deductive Method

Teacher-dominated approach
It begins with the abstract rule, generalization,
principle and ends with specific examples and
concrete details
Cover a wider scope of subject matter
Learning is passive process, the learners do not
take part in the generation of conclusion or
generalization
Drill or exercises come after the explanation of
the rule or principle

Example: Geography
The teacher begins her lesson with a
generalization that geographical location
influences peoples way of life.
She will present a map of the Philippines. Then
study the map with them.
Those who live in wide plains like Central Plain
of Luzon, Cagayan Valley have rice as main
product and farming as main occupation.
Those who live near the sea are fishermen.
Their main product is fish.
Example: Science
Teacher define: All animals with backbone are
classified as vertebrates.

Teacher give examples: dog is vertebrate
because it possesses backbone. Fish, frog and
cow are vertebrates, they possess backbone
Example: Math
Teacher Explain the rule first: To add similar
fractions just add the numerators then copy the
denominator.
Then teacher begin will gives examples.
After which she will give written exercises for her
pupils.
Advantages of Deductive Method:
Wider scope of subject matter because the
instruction is direct by stating at once the rule or
the principle at the beginning of the class.

Teacher do not have to worry on what questions
to ask for learners to generalization or
conclusion.
Disadvantages of Deductive Method
Passive learning. Less involvement on part of the
learners
The learners do not take part in the generation of
conclusion or generalization.
Learners involvement will be drill or exercises
that come after the explanation of the rule or
principle
Lesson appears uninteresting at first. Teacher
begin the lesson with the abstract with what the
learners do not know

Inductive Method

It begins with specific details, concrete data and
examples and ends with an abstract
Learners are more engaged in the teaching-
learning process
Learning becomes more interesting at the outset
because we begin with the experiences of our
students. Begin with what they know.
It helps the development of our learners higher
order thinking skills. To see patterns and analyze
the same in order to arrive at generalizations
requires analytical thinking.

Inductive Method

It requires more time and so less subject matter
will be covered
Need much time to lead students to formulate
generalizations
Teachers got to ask the right questions, organize
answers and comments to pave the way to the
derivation of generalizations or principles

Example: Geography
The teacher will shows to the class the map of the
Philippines then ask the class to study it with
special attention on geographical features and
economic products.
To guide them in their analysis she will ask them
questions like what is the occupation of people
who live by the sea? What is their main
livelihood? What generalization can you draw
about the relationship between geographical
features of a place and peoples means of
livelihood?
Example: Science
To Find out the body parts of animal that if it has
a backbone.
Teacher will say: the dog has a backbone. The
fish, frog and cow also have backbones.
Then the students will conclude that: the dog,
fish, cow and frog are vertebrates.

Advantages of Inductive Methods
The learners are more engaged in teaching-
learning process. The learners formulate the
generalization or rule.
Learning becomes more interesting at the outset
because teachers begin with the experiences of
the students. Teachers begin with what they
know.
It helps the development of the learners higher
order thinking skills. To see patterns and analyze
the same in order to arrive at generalizations
requires analytical thinking.
Disadvantages of Inductive Method
It requires more time and so less subject matter
will be covered. Teacher needs much time to
lead students to the formulation of
generalizations.
It demands expert facilitating skills on part of the
teacher. Teacher got to ask the right questions,
organize answers and comments to pave the
way to the derivation of
generalizations/principles.

Deductive Method Inductive Method
1. It does not give any new
knowledge.
1. It gives new knowledge

2. It is a method of verification. 2. It is a method of discovery.
3. It is the method of instruction. 3. It is a method of teaching.
4. Child gets ready made
information and makes use of it.

4.Child acquires first hand
knowledge and information by
actual observation.
5. It is quick process. 5. It is a slow process.
6. It encourages dependence on
other sources.
6. It trains the mind and gives
self confidence and initiative.
7. There is less scope of activity
in it.
7. It is full of activity.

8. It is a downward process of
thought and leads to useful
results.
8. It is an upward process of
thought and leads to principles.

Lets Review our Understanding:
Between the deductive and the induction method,

- which method is more teacher-directed?
- which one engages more the learners in
conceptual understanding?
- which demands more teachers skillful
questioning?
Between the deductive and the induction method,

- which tend to depth retention of learning?
- which learning method is more predictable?
- which engage to learn faster for large number
of facts and concrete concepts?
Lets Review our Understanding:
Demonstration Method
Demonstration is a learning activity which is
performed by a student, a group of 3 to 4
members or a teacher while the rest become
observers.
Teacher-dominated
Teachers show how to operate, manipulate an
equipment while the class observes


Demonstration Method

Teacher should be knowledgeable in preparing
the apparatus needed according to the steps to
be followed
The rest of the class becomes focused on the
activity and concentration on the subject is
assured

Advantages of Demonstration Method

It follows a systematic procedure, students will
be able to learn from a well-tired procedure
since the demonstrators are selected and
adjudged to be skilled
The use of expensive equipment and
machines will be maximized
Possible wastage of time, effort and resources
will be avoided since the demonstration is
supposed to be well-planned in advance

Advantages of Demonstration Method

It will not result to trial-and-error learning as what
happens with unplanned learning activities
Findings are reliable and accurate since the
procedures has been tried before
The value of confidence is developed among the
demonstrators for such hands-on demonstrators
for such hands-on demonstration
Curiosity and keen observing ability are instilled
among the observers


Examples:
How to focus a microscope
Preserving flowers and other specimens
Performing First-Aid
How to mix ingredients for a menu

Lets Review:
1. Modeling
a. is a direct teaching activity.
b. is seldom used by effective teachers.
c. allows students to imitate from demonstration
or infer from observation the behavior to be
learned.
d. both a and c.

2. Direct Instruction is more appropriate when
a. cooperative learning is not an option.
b. the teacher needs to arouse or heighten
student interest.
c. attempting to achieve content mastery and
overlearning of fundamental facts.
d. both b and c.

3. This method of teaching presents a general
concept by first defining it and then
providing examples or illustrations that
demonstrate the idea until it achieve the
concept mastery.
a. Inductive
b. Deductive
c. Directive
d. Demonstrative
4. Mr. Cruz is very careful in his classroom about
using his class time efficiently and having active
student practice. To do this, Mr. Cruz uses an
instructional sequence of review, presenting
new content, practice, feedback, and
reteaching. He is attempting to achieve the
goals of
a. mastery learning
b. indirect instruction
c. lecturing
d. cooperative learning

5. Among the methods/approaches
discussed, which teaching method/s is use
in Guided/Exploratory Approach?
a. Direct Instruction
b. Deductive Method
c. Inductive Method
d. both b & c
Thank you!
Prepared by:
Marilou Florentino