The Cerebrum

Introduction:
-made up of two cerebral
hemispheres which are
incompletely separated from
each other by median
longitudinal fissure.
-two hemispheres are connected
to each other by corpus
callosum
-each hemisphere contains
cavity called lateral ventricle.
Cerebral Hemisphere:
External Features:
-superolateral surface is convex
and is related to cranial vault.
-medial surface is flat and vertical-
is separated from corresponding
surface of opposite hemisphere
by falx cerebri & longitudinal
fissure
-inferior surface is irregular-divided
into anterior part,(orbital
surface)& posterior part,
(tentorial surface).
-two parts are separated by a deep
cleft called stem of lateral
sulcus.
Four borders
-superomedial border separates
superolateral surface from
medial surface.
-inferolateral border separates
superolateral surface from
inferior surface.
-anterior part of this border is
called supercilliary border
-depression on inferolateral
border situated about 5 cm in
front of occipital pole: is called
preoccipital notch
-medial orbital border separates
medial surface from orbital
surface.
Three poles:
-frontal pole, at anterior end
-occipital pole, at posterior end
-temporal pole, at anterior end of
temporal lobe.
Lobes of Cerebral
Hemisphere
-cerebral hemisphere is
divided into 4 lobes-
frontal, parietal, occipital
and temporal.
-lobes are best appreciated
on superolateral surface.
-sulci separating lobes on this
surface are as follows:
-central sulcus begins at
superomedial border of
hemisphere a little behind
midpoint between frontal &
occipital poles.- runs on
superolateral surface
obliquely downwords &
forwards & ends a little
above posterior ramus of
lateral sulcus.
-lateral sulcus separates orbital
& tentorial parts of inferior
surface. Laterally, sulcus
reaches superolateral surface
where it divides into number
of branches.
-parieto-occipital sulcus is sulcus
of medial surface-its upper
end cuts off supero-medial
border about 5cm in front of
occipital lobe.
-preocciptal notch is an
indentation on inferolateral
border, about 5 cm in front of
occipital lobe.
Cerebral Sulci & Gyri:
-cerebral cortex is folded into
gyri which are separated from
each other by sulci.
-pattern increases surface are of
cortex.- total area of cortex is
estimated to be more than
2000 cm square &
approximately 2/3rd of this
area is hidden from the
surface with sulci.
-pattern of folding of cortex is
largely determined by
differential growth of specific
functional areas of cortex.
-pattern of folding of cortex is largely
determined by differential growth of
specific functional areas of cortex.- a few
types of sulci are given below:
*Limiting sulcus eg. Central sulcus between
motor and sensory areas.
*Axial sulcus eg. Postcalcarine sulcus
*Operculated sulcus eg. Luntate sulci
*Secondary sulcus eg. Lateral &
parietoccipital sulci.
*Complete sulcus..very deep so as to cause
elevation in walls of lateral ventricles.
eg. Collaterals & calcarine sucli
Sulci & Gyri of Superolateral
Surface:
-central sulcus: upper end of
sulcus extends for short
distance on to medial surface.
-lateral sulcus begins on inferior
surface. On lateral surface
divides into 3 rami: largest one
is posterior ramus – post end
of this ramus turns upwards
into temporal lobe. The other
rami of lateral sulcus are
anterior horizontal & anterior
ascending rami extend into
lower part of frontal lobe.
-frontal lobe is further divided by
the following sulci:
*precentral sulcus runs parallel to
central sulcus, a little front of it.
*front area of precentral sulcus is
divided into sup.,mid.,& inf.,
frontal gyri by sup.,& inf.,
frontal sulcus.
*ant.horizontal & ant.ascending
rami of lateral sulcus
subdivided inferior frontal gyrus
into 3 parts
(pars orbitalis, pars triangularis
& pars opercularis)
-parietal lobe is further subdivided by
following sulci:
*postcentral sulcus runs parallel to
central sulcus, a little behind it.
*intraparietal sulcus divides the are
behind the postcentral gyrus into
superior and inferior parietal
lobules.
*inferior parietal lobule is divided into
anterior, middle & posterior part.
Anterior part is called supramarginal
gyrus & middle part is called
angular gyrus.
-superior & inferior temporal sulci
divide temporal lobe into superior,
middle & inferior temporal gyri.
-occipital lobe is further divided
by following sulci:
*lateral(transverse) occipital
sulcus divides this lobe into
superior & inferior occipital
gyri
*lunate sulcus separates these
gyri from occipital lobe
*area around parieto-occipital
sulcus is arcus parieto-
occipitalis – separated from
superior occipital gyrus by
transverse occipital sulcus.
Subdivisions of the Medial Surface:
Central part of medial aspect of
hemisphere is occupied by corpus
callosum- it is divisible into genu
(anterior end), body and splenium
(posterior end).-made up of nerve
fibers which connects two nerve
fibers- below it, septum pellucidum,
fornix and thalamus are seen. Sulci
in medial part are:
-cingulate sulcus, starts in front of
genu & runs backwards parallel to
upper margin of corpus callosum.
Posterior end reaches superomedial
border behind upper end of central
sulcus.
-suprasplenial sulcus lies above
behind splenium
-calcarine sulcus begins a little below
splenium & runs towards occipital
lobe.-gives off parieto-occipital sulcus
which reaches superolateral surface.
-below genu there are two small anterior
& posterior parolfactory sulci.
Following gyri are now indentified:
-cingulate gyrus lies between corpus
callosum & cingulate sulcus. Posterior
part is bounded above by
suprasplenial sulcus
-U shaped gyrus around end of central
sulcus is paracentral lobule
-gyrus between gyrus cinguli &
superomedial border, in front
of paracentral lobule is called
medial frontal gyrus.
-quandrangular area between
supra splenial gyrus and
superomedial border is called
precuneus
-triangular area between parieto-
occipital sulcus and calcarine
sulcus is called cuneus.
-narrow strip between splenium
& stem of calcarine sulcus is
isthmus
-paraterminal gyrus lies jus in
front of lamina terminalis
-parolfactory gyrus lies between
anterior & posterior
parolfactory sulci.
Sulci & Gyri on the Orbital
Surface:
-olfactory sulcus lies parallel to
medial orbital border.-
between them gyrus rectus is
seen. –rest of orbital surface
is subdivided by H shaped
sulcus into anterior, posterior,
medial & lateral gyri
-the stem of lateral sulcus lies
deep between temporal pole
& orbital surface.
Sulci & Gyri on the Tentorial Surface:
-presents two sulci running antero-
posteriorly-medial one is collateral
sulcus & lateral is occipitotemporal
sulcus.- on medial side of temporal
lobe rhinal sulcus is seen.
Gyri are as follows:
-uncus is in medial part of rhinal sulcus.
-medial part of collateral sulcus is
parahippocampal gyrus- its posterior
part is limited medially by calcarine
sulcus- joined to cingulate gyrus
through isthmus.
-part lateral to collateral sulcus is divided
into medial and lateral
occipitotemporal gyri by
occipitotemporal sulcus.
Main Functional Areas of Cerebral
Cortex:
-motor area is located in precentral
gyrus on superolateral surface of
hemisphere and in anterior part
of paracentral lobule- stimulation
of this area results in movements
in opposite half of body.
-premotor area lies just anterior to
motor area – occupies posterior
parts of superior, middle &
inferior frontal gyri- it is called
psychomotor area and believed
that movement are remembered
in this area.
-motor speech area ( of Broca)
lies in inferior fronta gyrus( in
left hemisphere in right
handed person). –injury to this
area reults inability to
speak(aphasia)
-sensory area is located in post
central gyrus.- also extends to
paracentral lobule
-visual area is located in occipital
lobe mainly on medial surface
both above and below
calcarine sulcus.
-acoustic area(for hearing) is
located in temporal lobe