SETTING AMBIENT AIR

QUALITY AND VEHICULAR

EMISSION STANDARDS:
DHAKAS EXPERIENCE
Mohammed Nasiruddin
Project Director
Air Quality Management Project
Dhaka, Bangladesh
Dhaka is the eighth largest megacity of the world and home to
12.75 million people living in an area of 1353km
2
.
Air pollution is emerging as a major problem in Dhaka and
other cities of Bangladesh.
The main sources of air pollution in Dhaka are vehicles,
industries particularly brick kilns, resuspended dust and
biomass burning
Being the 8
th
largest mega city of the world it witnessed a very
fast growth of urban population in recent times which
contributed to rising demand for transport services, mainly the
road transport.

There has been a steep rise in the heterogeneous mix of old
technology vehicles on the city roads despite that the road
space is narrowing and traffic congestion reached to an
unmanageable proportion.

Nearly 4,00,000 vehicles now ply on Dhaka city roads
everyday of which about 3,00,000 are motorized
vehicles that contribute most to deteriorating Dhakas
air quality.
Contributing factors for vehicular emission in Dhaka
are: poor fuel quality, poorly maintained vehicles,
inadequate transport infrastructure, lack of proper
transport planning and management
PM 2.5 is the controlling pollutant of Dhakas air
quality during 90% days of the year.
A World Bank study says nearly 2x10
5
tons air
pollutants are emitted from motor vehicles alone.
Another World Bank study says as many as 15000
deaths, a million cases of major illness and 8.5 million
cases of minor illness are caused by air pollution in
Dhaka and three other cities of Bangladesh.

Dhaka citys traffic problems and ambient air
quality condition had reached such a crisis
proportion that the challenge of sustaining
economic growth and ensuring reasonable
quality of life has become tougher.
Deteriorating traffic and air pollution conditions
had prompted the government to find urgent
solutions.
At this backdrop the government in 2000
undertook the Air Quality Management Project
with financial assistance of the World Bank.
The primary objective of the project is to
develop components of an air quality
management system and to reduce human
exposure to vehicular air pollution in Dhaka
city only. The project activities subsequently
extended to five Divisional towns under an
extended monitoring programme.

The key components of the projects are:
improved enforcement, setting appropriate
standards, piloting of pollution control
technologies for diesel vehicles, better
monitoring and dissemination of information, and
air quality management assessment and strategy
formulation.

Air Quality In Dhaka
AQMPs CAM Station results for Particulate Matter
monitoring significantly exceed US EPA guidelines
and other international standards.
BAEC has estimated that the transport related
fraction of PM10 is around 27% on a yearly
average, rising to as much as 41% in the dry
months.
Diesel exhaust emissions are now considered a
probable human carcinogen.
If not managed, gaseous pollutant concentrations
(CO, NOx, etc) could become a problem in the
future.
Contribution of Vehicle Types to
Emissions in Dhaka
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Cars/Vans Auto-Rick Bus/Truck Others
CO
HC
NOx
PM
%
Contribution of various types of
vehicle to emissions in Dhaka
Petrol-driven light duty vehicles and auto-rickshaws
contributes 85% CO
Diesel buses and trucks contribute about 84% of total
NOx
TTW auto rickshaws contribute about half of total
unburned HC from all vehicles
Diesel buses and trucks contribute about 45% and
auto-rickshaws 40% of total PM emissions
SO2 emissions from vehicles are not very significant
compared to other pollutants.
Year wise Registration of Motor Vehicles in Dhaka
Sl. No. Type of Vehicles Before 1995 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Total
1 Motor Car 36998 6923 8386 6528 4984 4330 2452 5560 5542 6163 4734 5633 98233
2
Jeep/St.Wangon/
Microbus 17937 1556 1387 1492 1438 1371 910 1579 2911 1810 2114 3303 37808
3 Taxi 787 25 35 14 102 215 348 762 2101 4980 523 514 10406
4 Bus 269 145 73 58 184 224 202 453 632 374 779 728 4121
5 Minibus 2009 324 167 397 300 215 242 831 1924 1051 368 118 7946
6 Truck 9775 802 615 834 1681 855 1635 890 1127 2128 1437 1104 22883
7
Auto-
rickshaw/A
uto-tempo 8359 7301 4615 1902 1689 682 1881 75 2616 7996 2344 139 39599
8 Human Haller ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** 673 136 20 829
9 Coverd Van * * * * * * * * * * 527 .. 527
10 Motor-Cycle 61478 4427 4027 5346 4992 5330 8768 8590 9102 7239 7872 12879 140050
11 Others 2063 878 828 310 196 1326 819 1825 1012 3257 1300 2361 16175
Total 139675 22381 20133 16881 15566 14548 17257 20565 26967 35671 22134 26799 378577
* 26,429 Two-Stroke Three-wheeler(Auto-rickshaw/Auto-tempo) removed from Dhaka.
** Human Hallers are included in others row (Sl. No. 11)
** Covered Van are included in others row (Sl. No. 11)
Key issues identified in respect of
Vehicle Emission Control

- Poor fuel quality
- Many of the vehicles ply on the road are very old, worn out,
poorly maintained and often overloaded
- Poor inspection and maintenance
- Poor enforcement of existing laws in the MV ordinance
- Street congestion due to mixed traffic
- Inadequate facilities for manually driven tricycle rickshaws
- Poor traffic management
- Poor traffic signaling system
- Lack of pavement for street walkers
- Preponderance of pre-Euro vehicles on the roads
- more..
- Bus route overlapping
- Unscientific method of allocating route permit
- Lack of interdepartmental coordination
- Poor urban transport governance
Vehicle Emission Standards in place before
June 2005 in Bangladesh
Parameter

Unit

Standard value

Carbon
Monoxide (CO)

g/km

24

volumetric

4 %

Hydrocarbons
(HC)

g/km

2

volumetric

180 ppmv

Oxides of
Nitrogen (NO
x
)

g/km

2

volumetric

600 ppmv

Black Smoke
1


Hartridge Smoke
Unit (HSU)

65

1
Measured at 2/3 of maximum rotating speed
Why VES was necessary?
The shortcomings of the existing VES were identified
so as to fill in the lacunae while framing new standards
for effective pollution abatement:
a. Common emission standard irrespective of in-use,
newly imported, reconditioned diesel and petrol
vehicles.
b. No separate emission standard for CNG vehicles
c. No survey was done before framing emission standard.
d. Mass emission limits and volume limits had no
correspondence with each other
e. Methods of examining emission was not mentioned

Objectives of VES
To reduce the adverse effects of vehicle
emissions on human health
CO, NOx, O3, PM and SO2 management
for sustainable environment
Steps followed for revision of
emission standards
Emission tests performed on 1500 petrol/octane and CNG and
500 diesel run vehicles.
Comprehensive review of vehicle emission standards in other
countries within the region and beyond
Prepared draft emission standard and circulated to different
stakeholders for seeking their opinion.
Discussions with stakeholders and regular meetings were held
to hammer out standards
Technical workshop held on draft VES.
Workshop recommendations incorporated and placed before
the DTAC meeting after refinement.
Draft VES placed before AQMAC meeting and subsequently
to Parliamentary Standing Committee on MoEF
Contd.
A mid term review of the AQM jointly
conducted by GOB and WB.
Revised VES placed before inter ministerial
committee.
Sent to the MoLPA for vetting and
publication in the gazette.
New VES gazetted in June 2005
How new VES is different from
previous one?
The new VES came with:-
a. Standards for new and imported used vehicles
b. Standard for in-use vehicles
c. Bangladesh-1 for diesel vehicles
d. Bangladesh-II for petrol and CNG vehicles
The new VES is an advancement over the old one. It was
intended with primary objective to ensure that advances in
pollution control technology are implemented and
progressively lower fleet vehicle emissions are achieved over
a period of time.
?
Proposed Emission Standards for
New Vehicles in Bangladesh
Euro 2 for Petrol / CNG Vehicles
Euro 1 for Diesel Vehicles
Most Asian countries
follow Euro standards
Euro 2 Petrol and Euro 1 Diesel
are commonly manufactured in
the Asian countries like Malaysia
and India. Japan manufactures
even more advanced vehicles.
These standards establish
a benchmark for future
improvement as
maintenance and fuel
quality improves
Fuel specifications in
Bangladesh, like lead free petrol
and sulfur content (0.05% max
mass)can support Euro 2 Petrol
and Euro 1 Diesel vehicles.
Cannot support more stringent
standards.
Trends in emission standards for
heavy duty trucks in Asia
1998 Vietnam
2000 1998 Thailand
Taiwan
Sri Lanka
2001 1998 Singapore
2004 2000 PRC
2003 Philippines
2000 Nepal
2000 1997 Malaysia
2007 Indonesia
2005 2001 2000 India
2001 1997 1995 Hong Kong
Cambodia
2005 Bangladesh
Euro 4 Euro 3 Euro 2 Euro 1 Country
4 cities 7 cities
Introduceded
New Vehicular Emission
Standards (VES)
[ Schedule 6 (Ka) to Schedule 6(Cha)]

Schedule-6 of the Environmental
Conservation Rules, 1997 has been replaced
by the following schedules: 6(Ka), 6(Kha),
6(Ga), 6(Gha), 6(Uma) and 6(Cha).
Schedule -6(Ka):Emission standards for new locally
made and new and imported used diesel driven vehicles.
( Refer to Rules 4 & 12)
(Bangladesh-1)
Vehicle type

Emission Standards (g/km)

Test Procedure

CO

HC + NO
x


PM*

Light duty vehicles (Not more than 8 seats in addition to driver & max. GVW 2.5 tons)

New Type Approval (TA)
Conformity of Production
(COP)


2.72

0.97

0.14



91/441/EEC
91/441/EEC

3.16
1.13

0.18

Imported used diesel

3.16


1.13

0.18

Medium duty Vehicles (More than 8 seats in addition to driver but less than 15 seats &
GVW more than 2.5 tons but max. 3.5 tons)
New TA
COP

6.9

1.7

0.25



93/59/EC
93/59/EC


8.0

2.0

0.29

Imported used diesel

8.0

2.0

0.29

Schedule -6(Ka): Emission standards for new locally
made and new and imported used diesel driven vehicles.
(Continued)
Heavy Duty Vehicles (More than 15 seats in addition to driver
& GVW more than 3.5 ton)
Vehicle type

Emission Standards (g/kWh)

Test Procedure



CO

HC

NO
x


PM*

New TA

4.5

1.1

8.0

0.36


91/542/EEC

and
ECE R 49.02

New COP

4.9

1.23

9.0

0.4

Imported used

4.9

1.23

9.0

0.4

For the diesel engines with 85kW or less power the limit is to be increased by a factor of to 1.7.
Schedule -6(Kha): Emission standards for new locally made
and new and imported used petrol and CNG driven vehicles.
(Refer to Rules 4 & 12)
(Bangladesh -2)
Vehicle type

Emission Standards (g/km)

Evaporatio
n emissions
(g/test)

Test
Procedure

CO

HC + NO
x


2 and 3 wheelers

4stroke petrol/CNG

4.5

3.0

-



ECE-40


Light duty vehicles (Not more than 8 seats in addition to driver & max. GVW 2.5 tons)

Petrol/CNG

2.2

0.5

2.0



94/12/EC

Imported used petrol
/CNG

2.2

0.5

2.0



94/12/EC


Medium duty Vehicles (More than 8 seats in addition to driver but less than 15 seats &
GVW more than 2.5 tons but max. 3.5 tons)

New and imported used
Petrol/CNG

5.0

0.7


2.0


96/69/EC

Schedule -6(Kha): Emission standards for new locally made
and new and imported used petrol and CNG driven vehicles.
(Continued)
Heavy Duty Vehicles (More than 15 seats in addition to driver
& GVW more than 3.5 ton)

Vehicle type

Emission Standards
(g/kWh)

Evaporation
emissions
(g/test)

Test
Procedure
CO

HC/
NMHC*

NO
x


New TA (Petrol/ CNG)

4.5

1.1

8.0

2.0

91/542/EEC
and ECE R
49.02 and
13- mode
test cycle*
New COP(Petrol/ CNG)

4.9

1.23

9.0

2.0

Imported used (Petrol/
CNG)

4.9

1.23

9.0

2.0

* Applicable for CNG driven vehicles
Schedule 6 (Ga): Emission inspection standards for new locally
made and new and imported used light, Medium duty and heavy
duty (Petrol, Diesel and CNG driven) Vehicles
(during registration)
(Refer to Rules 4 & 12)
Vehicle type

Parameter

Emission Standard

4 wheeled Petrol and
CNG driven vehicles

Idle CO
Idle HC

0.5 %v/v
1200 ppm

No load,
>2500< RPM <3000
CO
HC
Lambda



0.3 %v/v
300 ppm
1 0.03

Visual check

3-Way catalytic converter
fitted in the exhaust

Diesel Naturally
aspirated

Free acceleration
smoke

1.2 m
-1
smoke density
(40 HSU)

Diesel Turbo-charged

Free acceleration smoke

2.2 m
-1
smoke density
(61 HSU)

Schedule- 6(Gha): Emission Standards for In-Service Vehicles
registered after 1
st
July 2004.
(Refer to Rules 4 & 12)

Vehicle Type

Test

CO (% by
volume)

HC
(ppm)

Lambda
()

Smoke

All 4-wheeled
Petrol and CNG
vehicles.

Idle Speed

1.0

1200

-

-

No load,
> 2500 <RPM
< 3000

0.5

300 1.0 0.03

-

4 Stroke Engine
Petrol Two and
Three Wheelers

Idle Speed


4.5


1200


-


-


All CNG Three
Wheelers

Idle Speed

3.0

-

-

-

All naturally
aspirated diesel
vehicles

Free
acceleration

-

-

-

65 HSU
or 2.5 m
-
1


All
turbocharged
diesel vehicles

Free
acceleration

-

-

-

72 HSU
or 3.0 m
-1


Note: Idle Speed RPM specified by the manufacturer.

Schedule- 6(Uma): Emission Standards for In-Service
Petrol and CNG Vehicles registered after July 1, 2004.
( Refer to Rules 4 & 12)
Vehicle Type

Test

CO (% by
volume)

HC (ppm)

All 4-wheeled
Petrol Vehicles

Idle Speed

4.5

1,200

All CNG driven
Vehicles

Idle Speed

3.0

-

2 Stroke Engine
Petrol Two and
Three Wheelers

Idle Speed

7.0

12,000

4 Stroke Engine
Petrol Two and
Three Wheelers

Idle Speed

7.0

3,000

Note: Idle Speed RPM specified by the manufacturer.
Schedule 6(Cha): Emission Standards for In-Service
Diesel Vehicle registered after July 1,2004.
(Refer to Rules 4 & 12)
Vehicle
Type

Test

Smoke Opacity

Commencing
January, 2004

Commencing
January, 2007

Commencing
January, 2009

Buses

Free
acceleration

80 HSU
or
3.7 m
-1


70 HSU
or
2.8 m
-1


65 HSU
or
2.4 m
-1


Trucks
and all
other
diesel
vehicles

Free
acceleration

90 HSU
or
5.3 m
-1


80 HSU
or
3.7 m
-1


65 HSU
or
2.4 m
-1


General instruction:
Importer must submit Emission Compliance Certificate from an internationally recognized
independent agency at the time of clearance of the imported vehicles under schedule 6 (Ka)
or 6(Kha) as relevant to the vehicle type.

Implementation of VES for New
Registration Vehicles
Government regulations/motor vehicle rules
notifying Standards and Test Procedure
Emission Certification by an Approved
Laboratory for a vehicle model
Periodic testing for conformity of
production vehicles


View of an Emission Test
Facility
In Service Vehicles Emission
Inspection & Maintenance
20 to 30 % of total vehicles, which are
Gross Polluters contribute 70 to 80% of
total vehicular emissions
For real reduction in pollution In-Service
Vehicle Emission Inspection and
Maintenance (I & M) is essential
Most countries have mandatory I & M
InService Vehicles Emission
Inspection & Maintenance (contd)
Purpose
To Assure that vehicle is properly
maintained and used
Identify dirtiest (gross polluters) vehicles
and get them repaired
Benefits
Lower emissions and better fuel economy
Deterrent to tampering and misfuelling


In-Service Vehicles I & M
Inspection & Maintenance are two Separate
Functions to be done by Different Agencies
Government to conduct Inspection only
Maintenance in private ownership
Simple and low cost inspection tests
required
Inspection Tests ( No Load Tests)
Petrol Vehicles
- Idle CO mostly
- Idle HC also in some countries
Idle NOx is negligible, hence not measured
Diesel Vehicles
- Free Acceleration Test for black Smoke
No Load CO&HC are too low for diesel, not
measured
Bangladesh Emission Standards
for In-Service Vehicles
AQMP started collection of emission data
from different types of vehicles
Emission measurement from about 1500
Petrol and 500 Diesel vehicles planned all
over Dhaka
Emission standards to be fixed to allow
failure of only about 20 % vehicles
Standards expected by Dec. 2002
Measurement of in-use vehicle
emissions
Diesel vehicles
Smoke
Petrol Vehicles
CO and HC
Implementation of VES for In-
Service Vehicles
Government issue gazette notification
Mandatory Annual/Half Yearly Inspection
by BRTA Test Lanes
Roadside emission inspection as spot
checks at DOE Check Posts
Failed Vehicles to be re-inspected after
repairs by the operator procedure/system
to be developed


Emissions and Fuel Quality
Engine
Fuel
Emissions
Matching
Engine &
Fuel
Automotive Fuel Consumption in
Bangladesh, MT
Fuel Indigenous Imported Total
Petrol 100,000 200,000 300,000
Diesel 380,000 1,700,000 2,080,000
Fuel Quality Issues
Enable efficient functioning and durability
of emission control devices viz. Cat. Conv.
Petrol: Lead free, low sulphur
Diesel: Low sulfur for Cat convertor
Reduce direct contribution to pollutants
e.g., benzene, Evap. HC, sulfates (PM)
Petrol: Benzene, RVP (Evaporative HC)
Diesel: Sulfur (Increases PM)


Fuel Quality Issues (contd.)
Ensure efficient combustion
Petrol: Volatility, Octane Number
Diesel: Volatility, Cetane Number
Keep fuel system clean for efficient engine
operation and less maintenance
Deposit control additives, Oxidation and storage
stability
Reduce Air Toxics (Benzene,1-3 Buta-diene,
Aldehydes, POM)

Fuel Quality in Bangladesh
Petrol
-Already Lead Free: Euro1 cars employ
Cat.Converters
- Sulfur( Specs. 0.1 % max) may be reduced
further
Diesel
- Sulfur (Specs. 0.5 % max) to be reduced to :
0.25% max for Euro1 vehicles
0.05% max for Euro2 vehicles
Auto-Clinic Program by AQMP
First Clinic held from Dec. 23, 2001 to March
21,2002
Program conducted by the Society for Urban
Environment Protection (SUEP)
2000 Auto- Rickshaw and Drivers participated
- Free carburettor and minor maintenance
- Idle CO &HC emission measurement before and
after maintenance
- Smoke measurement under acceleration with
normal oil and 2T oil.



Auto-Clinic Programme by
AQMP (contd.)
Demonstration of effect of maintenance on CO &
HC emissions
Demonstration of effect of 2T oil in right quantity
on reduction of blue smoke
Health check up of drivers
Creating awareness on
- Bad effect of poor maintenance and oil qualty
emissions from baby taxis
- Bad effect of smoke and other pollutants on health

Pilot Control Programs
AQMP has completed following three pilot programs;
1. Auto Clinic training program was held on 22 December, 2001 to 27
February, 2002.
Objective: Training for drivers and mechanics on vehicle
maintenance and their health impacts.
No. of trainee: 2000,Two stroke three wheeler baby taxies
drivers/mechanics.
2. Diesel engine maintenance improvement clinic from February 22 to
March 28 ,2004.
Objective: Training for driver/ mechanics on inspection and
maintenance of the diesel vehicles to reduce vehicular air pollution.
No. of trainee: 120 drivers/ mechanics from BRTC, Bangladesh
Sarak Paribahan Fedaration, and others Government organizations.

Pilot Control Programs (Contd)
Under Diesel engine maintenance
improvement clinic 420 drivers and
mechanics were imparted training during
19 June- 17 August 2006

Similar clinic programs will be undertaken
for Chittagong, Khulna, Rajshahi, Sylhet
and Barisal.

Ambient Air Quality Standards
Air quality standards are the foundation upon which
emission control strategies are based.
Standards can be adopted as enforceable laws,
typically (but not always) with deadlines and
schedules for attainment
Air quality standards are a meaningful way to report
the frequency with which pollutant concentrations
exceed healthful levels.
They also form the basis of air quality index (AQI)
calculations.
AAQS are not just limits for each pollutant
The standards also need to specify monitoring
methods, locations and frequencies; average time and
assessment procedures.
Bangladesh Standards for Ambient Air (mg/m3)
Sl. No. Area SPM SO2 CO NOx
1 Industrial and
mixed
500 120 5000 100
2 Commercial and
mixed
400 100 5000 100
3 Residential and
rural
200 80 2000 80
4 Sensitive 100 30 1000 30
Why revision of AAQS was
necessitated
The previous standards do not specify
monitoring methods and frequency,
averaging times, compliance requirements
and other necessary factors.
Therefore, it was recognized that these
standards require review.
Why AAQS needed?
AQS are legal limits placed on levels of air
pollutants in the ambient air during a given
period of time.
They characterize permissible level of a
pollutant or a class of pollutants in the
atmosphere and define the amount of
exposure permitted to the population and/or
to ecological systems.
AQS are not based solely on air quality
criteria but are also based on a broad range
of economic, social, technical and political
considerations.
Steps followed for revision of AAQS
Reviewed ambient air quality standards in other
countries within the region
Analyzed the air quality monitoring data from the
AQMP CAMS and found that concentrations of
pollutants in the ambient air are generally within
the USEPA standards
The AQMP proposed the adoption of USEPA
standards
For Pb in ambient air the WHO standard
recommended due to most appropriate degree of
protection of public health
Contd.
Concentration of PM10 and 2.5 significantly exceeded the
standards during the non monsoon periods
Action plan suggested for reducing PM concentrations in the
ambient air to meet the proposed standards
Draft proposals pertaining to AAQS put to stakeholders
consultation
Placed before DTAC meeting in Feb 2003
Presented to a stakeholder workshop in March 2003
Again presented to AQMAC meeting in March 2003
Proposal submitted to Inter-ministerial Committee for
consideration
Sent to law Ministry for vetting and publication in the
gazette
New AAQS gazetted in June 2005

Revised Ambient Air Quality Standards for Bangladesh
Pollutant Objective
Averaging
Time
10 mg/m
3

(9 ppm)
8-hour
CO
40 mg/m
3

(35 ppm)
1-hour
Lead 0.5 g/m
3
Annual
NO2
100 g/m
3

(0.053 ppm)
Annual
50 g/m
3
Annual
PM-10
150 g/m
3
24-hour
15 g/m
3
Annual
PM-2.5
65 g/m
3
24-hour
235 g/m
3

(0.12 ppm)
1-hour
Ozone (O
3
)
157 g/m
3

(0.08 ppm)
8-hour
80 g/m
3

(0.03 ppm)
Annual
SO2
365 g/m
3

(0.14 ppm)
24-hour
SPM 200 g/m
3
8 hour


Particulate Matter (PM
10
and

PM
2.5
)
Sulphur Dioxides (SO
2
)
Oxides of Nitrogen (NO
x
)
Ozone (O
3
)
Carbon mono oxide (CO)
Lead (Pb)
Principal Air Pollutants in Dhaka City
Vehicle Emission Inventory for Dhaka: >85%
of PM10 from Diesel Vehicles
PM10 share by Vehicle Type
Taxis-CNG
1%
3W Taxis-CNG
1%
Cars
8%
Motorcycles
5%
LD Diesel
19%
Buses
38%
Trucks
28%
Principal pollutants and sources of air pollution
in Dhaka City
Principal pollutants Sources
Particulate Matter (PM
10
, PM
2.5
) Vehicle, Brick Kiln, Cooking,
Combustion
Nitrogen Dioxide and Carbon
Monoxide
Fuel burning
Sulphur Dioxide Coal burning
Ozone Photochemical Reaction
Sites for PM Sampling in Dhaka City
LALBAG
MOTIJHEEL
TEJGAON
TONGI
Location of sampling sites in Bangladesh
Rajshahi
Dhaka
Chittagong

Barisal
Khulna

Sylhet
Narayangonj
Trends Analysis of SO
2
in Dhaka City
24- Hour Average Sulfur Dioxide at CAMS, Sangsad Bhaban
Monthly Average, Maximum and Minimum Concentration
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
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p
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Maximum Average Minimum
Annual average standard
30 ppb
8- Hour Average Carbon Monoxide at CAMS, Sangsad Bhaban
Monthly Average, Maximum and Minimum Concentration
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
A
p
r
i
l
,

0
2
J
u
n
e
,

0
2
A
u
g
u
s
t
,

0
2
O
c
t
o
b
e
r
,

0
2
D
e
c
e
m
b
e
r
,

0
2
F
e
b
r
u
a
r
y
,

0
3
A
p
r
i
l
,

0
3
J
u
n
e
,

0
3
A
u
g
u
s
t
,

0
3
O
c
t
o
b
e
r
,

0
3
D
e
c
e
m
b
e
r
,

0
3
F
e
b
r
u
a
r
y
,

0
4
A
p
r
i
l
,

0
4
J
u
n
e
,

0
4
A
u
g
u
s
t
,

0
4
O
c
t
o
b
e
r
,

0
4
D
e
c
e
m
b
e
r
,

0
4
F
e
b
r
u
a
r
y
,

0
5
Month
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

o
f

8
-
h
o
u
r

C
O

i
n

p
p
m
Maximum Average Minimum
8-hour average standard 9
ppm
Trends Analysis of CO in Dhaka City
Trends Analysis of O
3
in Dhaka City
1- Hour Average Ozone at CAMS, Sangsad Bhaban
Monthwise 1-hour Average, Maximum and Minimum O
3
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
A
p
r
i
l
,

0
2
J
u
n
e
,

0
2
A
u
g
u
s
t
,

0
2
O
c
t
o
b
e
r
,

0
2
D
e
c
e
m
b
e
r
,

0
2
F
e
b
r
u
a
r
y
,

0
3
A
p
r
i
l
,

0
3
J
u
n
e
,
0
3
A
u
g
u
s
t
,

0
3
O
c
t
o
b
e
r
,

0
3
D
e
c
e
m
b
e
r
,

0
3
F
e
b
r
u
a
r
y
,

0
4
A
p
r
i
l
,

0
4
J
u
n
e
,

0
4
A
u
g
u
s
t
,

0
4
O
c
t
o
b
e
r
,

0
4
D
e
c
e
m
b
e
r
,

0
4
F
e
b
r
u
a
r
y
,

0
5
Month
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

o
f

O
3

i
n

p
p
b
Maximum Average Minimum
One hour average
standard 120 ppb
Trends Analysis of NO
x
in Dhaka City
24 Hours Average Oxides of Nitrogen at CAMS, Sangsad Bhaban
Monthly Maximum, Average and Minimum NOx
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
A
p
r
i
l
,

0
2
J
u
n
e
,

0
2
A
u
g
u
s
t
,

0
2
O
c
t
o
b
e
r
,

0
2
D
e
c
e
m
b
e
r
,

0
2
F
e
b
r
u
a
r
y
,

0
3
A
p
r
i
l
,

0
3
J
u
n
e
,

0
3
A
u
g
u
s
t
,

0
3
O
c
t
o
b
e
r
,

0
3
D
e
c
e
m
b
e
r
,

0
3
F
e
b
r
u
a
r
y
,

0
4
A
p
r
i
l
,

0
4
J
u
n
e
,

0
4
A
u
g
u
s
t
,

0
4
O
c
t
o
b
e
r
,

0
4
D
e
c
e
m
b
e
r
,

0
4
F
e
b
r
u
a
r
y
,

0
5
Month
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

o
f

N
O
x

i
n

p
p
b
Maximum Average Minimum
Annual average standard
53 ppb
Trends Analysis of Particulate Matter in
Dhaka City
Air Quality Management Project
Department of Environment
Monthly Average of PM Concentration at CAMS, Sangsad Bhaban
April, 2002 to July, 2006
91
87
56
88
66
84
131
161
252
271
244
202
104
97
68
46
50
65
93
183
168
192
236
165
104103
69
5554
65
107
177
248
252
205
136
124
83
70
47
5153
69
139
199
249
242
248
132
106
80
59
44
42
23
32
28
33
90
138
192
196
151
88
46
36
27
19
23
35
59
117
108
130
119
103
50
29
70
121
136
166
116
101
80
36
27
22
27
34
50
98
117
160
158
109
56
44
36
30
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
A
p
r
i
l
,
0
2
J
u
n
e
,
0
2
A
u
g
u
s
t
,

0
2
O
c
t
o
b
e
r
,
0
2
D
e
c
e
m
b
e
r
,

0
2
F
e
b
r
u
a
r
y
,

0
3
A
p
r
i
l
,

0
3
J
u
n
e
,

0
3
A
u
g
u
s
t
,

0
3
O
c
t
o
b
e
r
,
0
3
D
e
c
e
m
b
e
r
,

0
3
F
e
b
r
u
a
r
y
,

0
4
A
p
r
i
l
,

0
4
J
u
n
e
,

0
4
A
u
g
u
s
t
,

0
4
O
c
t
o
b
e
r
,

0
4
D
e
c
e
m
b
e
r
,
0
4
F
e
b
r
u
a
r
y
,
0
5
A
p
r
i
l
,
0
5
J
u
n
e
,
0
5
A
u
g
u
s
t
,
0
5
O
c
t
o
b
e
r
,

0
5
D
e
c
e
m
b
e
r
,

0
5
F
e
b
r
u
a
r
y
,

0
6
A
p
r
i
l
,

0
6
J
u
n
e
,

0
6
Month
2
4

h
o
u
r

a
v
e
r
a
g
e

c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

o
f

P
M

i
n

m
i
c
r
o
g
r
a
m
s

p
e
r

c
u
b
i
c

m
e
t
e
r
PM10 PM2.5
65 g/m
3
24
Hour Standard
f or PM
2.5
150 g/m
3
24
Hour Standard
f or PM
10
Seasonal Variation of Particulate Matter in Dhaka City
PM
2.5
Trends in Dhaka City
Continuous Air Quality Monitoring Station
Sangsad Bhaban, Dhaka
Period: April, 2002 to July, 2006
0
65
130
195
260
325
390
455
4
/
3
/
2
0
0
2
5
/
3
/
2
0
0
2
6
/
3
/
2
0
0
2
7
/
3
/
2
0
0
2
8
/
3
/
2
0
0
2
9
/
3
/
2
0
0
2
1
0
/
3
/
2
0
0
2
1
1
/
3
/
2
0
0
2
1
2
/
3
/
2
0
0
2
1
/
3
/
2
0
0
3
2
/
3
/
2
0
0
3
3
/
3
/
2
0
0
3
4
/
3
/
2
0
0
3
5
/
3
/
2
0
0
3
6
/
3
/
2
0
0
3
7
/
3
/
2
0
0
3
8
/
3
/
2
0
0
3
9
/
3
/
2
0
0
3
1
0
/
3
/
2
0
0
3
1
1
/
3
/
2
0
0
3
1
2
/
3
/
2
0
0
3
1
/
3
/
2
0
0
4
2
/
3
/
2
0
0
4
3
/
3
/
2
0
0
4
4
/
3
/
2
0
0
4
5
/
3
/
2
0
0
4
6
/
3
/
2
0
0
4
7
/
3
/
2
0
0
4
8
/
3
/
2
0
0
4
9
/
3
/
2
0
0
4
1
0
/
3
/
2
0
0
4
1
1
/
3
/
2
0
0
4
1
2
/
3
/
2
0
0
4
1
/
3
/
2
0
0
5
2
/
3
/
2
0
0
5
3
/
3
/
2
0
0
5
4
/
3
/
2
0
0
5
5
/
3
/
2
0
0
5
6
/
3
/
2
0
0
5
7
/
3
/
2
0
0
5
8
/
3
/
2
0
0
5
9
/
3
/
2
0
0
5
1
0
/
3
/
2
0
0
5
1
1
/
3
/
2
0
0
5
1
2
/
3
/
2
0
0
5
1
/
3
/
2
0
0
6
2
/
3
/
2
0
0
6
3
/
3
/
2
0
0
6
4
/
3
/
2
0
0
6
5
/
3
/
2
0
0
6
6
/
3
/
2
0
0
6
7
/
3
/
2
0
0
6
8
/
3
/
2
0
0
6
Date
2
4
-
h
o
u
r

a
v
e
r
a
g
e

P
M
2
.
5

C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n

i
n

m
i
c
r
o
g
r
a
m
s

p
e
r

c
u
b
i
c

m
e
t
e
r
24-Hour Average Standard
65 micrograms per cubic
Dry Season
Rainy Season
Annual Average Standard
15 micrograms per cubic
Seasonal Variation of Particulate Matter in Dhaka
City
Levels of PM10 before and after removal of Baby
Taxis (Phase-II)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1
2
/
2
5
/
2
0
0
2
1
2
/
2
6
/
2
0
0
2
1
2
/
2
7
/
2
0
0
2
1
2
/
2
8
/
2
0
0
2
1
2
/
2
9
/
2
0
0
2
1
2
/
3
0
/
2
0
0
2
1
2
/
3
1
/
2
0
0
2
0
1
/
0
1
/
2
0
0
3
0
1
/
0
2
/
2
0
0
3
0
1
/
0
3
/
2
0
0
3
0
1
/
0
4
/
2
0
0
3
0
1
/
0
5
/
2
0
0
3
0
1
/
0
6
/
2
0
0
3
0
1
/
0
7
/
2
0
0
3
(
m
i
c
r
o
g
r
a
m
/

m
3
)
PM10
Average
Cost benefit of Air Quality
Improvement in Dhaka
For Baby Taxi Ban: More than 900
premature death avoided and $ 25 million
saved in health cost per year.
By 20% reduction: Premature mortality
could be reduced by about 1100 and health
cost could be saved is $152 million
By reduction to proposed national standard:
Premature mortality could be reduced by
about 3300 and $474 million per year.


Source: World Bank, Dhaka
What is AQI?
The Air Quality Index (AQI) is a public information
tool to express the air pollution level for a particular
area on a certain period
This is a simple way of describing the quality of air
from human health point of view
The AQI is linked to the National Ambient Air Quality
Standards (NAAQS) which is set based on health
impacts
Purpose of AQI
To give complex information about the air pollution level
and the quality of air in a simple way that people can
easily understand;

To inform how clean or polluted air you are breathing in
relation to health based objectives; and

To advise the people about the general health effects
associated with different pollution levels.
CLASSIFICATION OF AQI
AQI Range Colour Category
0-100 Green Very Good
101-200 Orange Good
201-300 Violet Medium
>300
Red Bad
Air Quality in Dhaka: Seasonal


8
6
Seasonal AQI Trends in Dhaka
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1
/
0
4
/
2
0
0
2
1
3
/
0
4
/
2
0
0
2
2
5
/
0
4
/
2
0
0
2
7
/
0
5
/
2
0
0
2
1
9
/
0
5
/
2
0
0
2
3
1
/
0
5
/
2
0
0
2
1
2
/
0
6
/
2
0
0
2
2
4
/
0
6
/
2
0
0
2
6
/
0
7
/
2
0
0
2
1
8
/
0
7
/
2
0
0
2
3
0
/
0
7
/
2
0
0
2
1
1
/
0
8
/
2
0
0
2
2
3
/
0
8
/
2
0
0
2
4
/
0
9
/
2
0
0
2
1
6
/
0
9
/
2
0
0
2
2
8
/
0
9
/
2
0
0
2
1
0
/
1
0
/
2
0
0
2
2
2
/
1
0
/
2
0
0
2
1
1
/
3
/
2
0
2
1
5
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
2
2
7
/
1
1
/
2
0
0
2
8
/
1
2
/
2
0
0
2
2
0
/
1
2
/
2
0
0
2
Date
A
Q
I
Air quality
objective Monsoon period Air
Quality OK
Non-monsoon period Air
Quality is poor
Note: PM is the major pollutant of concern in Dhaka.
% of Days in Air Quality Index Category

Air Quality Management Project
Department of Environment
Continuous Air Monitoring Station (CAMS)
% of Days in Air Quality Index Category
Period: 2005
48%
45%
7% 0%
Very Good Good Medium Bad
Reporting Format (English)
Todays Air Quality Index for Dhaka provided by Department of
Environment was 67 based on pollutants monitored in CAMS,
Sangsad Bhaban, The AQI category was Very Good and the
colour code was Green. The Responsible pollutant was PM2.5.
Air Quality Index (AQI) for 23
rd
August, 2006
AQI Value Category Responsible Pollutant
67 Very Good
PM
2.5

Department of Environment
Interventions benefited air pollution abatement
Phase out leaded petrol in 1999
Jan 2001 setting standards for lubricants
Phase out of two stroke 3-wheeler from
January 2003.
Ban on the plying of trucks older than 25
years and buses older than 20 years.
Introduction of ambient air quality standards.
Introduction of emission standards EURO I
for new diesel and EURO II petrol vehicles
from 2005.
Introduction of in use vehicle emission
standards from 2005.

Implications for adopting VES and
AAQS
Public awareness of air quality may increase
Reporting exceedences of the standards may cause adverse
reactions from within and outside of Bangladesh
An AQI system that is consistent with the standards can be
developed
An immediate need to develop emission inventories and
control strategies to reduce dominant pollutant emissions
The need to develop an industrial permitting program to
foster improved environmental planning.
Lessons learned
It is easy to implement revised VES and AAQS if
peoples participation is ensured.
Phasing out of gross polluting two stroke three
wheelers was possible due to overwhelming
peoples support
Gross polluting diesel vehicles are being phased
out under a 5-year road map came into force in
2004.
Awareness of people about air pollution is
necessary to enforce standards.
Thank you