Chapter 7-4

Cell Structure and Function

Image from: Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Nuclear envelope
Ribosome (attached)
Ribosome (free)
Cell Membrane
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrion
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
Centrioles
Image from: http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_membrane.html
A CELL is . . .
made of MOLECULES
_______ ___________ ___________
ATOMS
MOLECULES ORGANELLES
CELL MEMBRANE
(also called plasma membrane)
Cell membranes are made mainly of
________________ & __________________
PHOSPHOLIPIDS PROTEINS
Outside
of cell
Inside
of cell
(cytoplasm)
Cell
membrane
Proteins
Protein
channel
Lipid bilayer
Carbohydrate
chains
Image from: Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved
LIPID TAILS ARE
HYDROPHOBIC
HYDROPHILIC
HYDROPHOBIC
Image by Riedell
TRANSPORT PROTEINS
help move substances across the
cell membrane

Animations from: http://bio.winona.edu/berg/ANIMTNS/facdifan.gif
http://www2.uic.edu/~myilma1/ionchannel.gif
More on this in Chapter 7-3
WHAT DOES IT DO?
Acts as a boundary
Controls what enters and leaves cell
Images from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cellmembrane.html
http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm
Cell membranes MOVE!
Molecules in cell membranes are
constantly moving and changing
Click here to
see
Fluidity
Animation
Animation from: http://www.sp.uconn.edu/~terry/images/anim/fluidmem.gif
CELL WALL
Supports and
protects cell
Outside of
cell membrane

Made of carbohydrates & proteins
Plant cell walls are mainly _____________
CELLULOSE
http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/kids_space/images/brick_wall.jpg
CYTOPLASM
(Between nucleus and cell membrane)
ORGANELLE-
small structure with a
specific function (job)
Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cytoplasm.html
Image from: http://faculty.stcc.cc.tn.us/jiwilliams/labprojectsmenu.htm
Organelles suspended
in gel-like goo
NUCLEUS
Largest organelle
in animal cells

Image from: http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm
NUCLEUS
Surrounded by
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
(also called NUCLEAR MEMBRANE)

DOUBLE MEMBRANE

Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/5_11.GIF
NUCLEUS
NUCLEAR PORES
Openings to allow molecules to
move in and out of nucleus
Image from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCELL2.html
WHAT DOES IT DO?
Contains genetic material (DNA)
DNA is spread out
as CHROMATIN
in non-dividing cells
DNA is scrunched up
as CHROMOSOMES
in dividing cells
WHAT DOES IT DO?
Control center
of cell
Image from:
Genetic code tells the
cells parts what to do
Image from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm
NUCLEOLUS
Dark spot in
nucleus =
__________
Makes RNA for ribosomes
Image from: http://lifesci.rutgers.edu/~babiarz/histo/cell/nuc3L.jpg
NUCLEOLUS
CYTOSKELETON
Helps cell maintain shape

Help move organelles around
Made of PROTEINS:

MICROFILAMENTS (Actin)
&
MICROTUBULES (Tubulin)
Image from: http://anthro.palomar.edu/animal/default.htm
Image from: Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved
CENTRIOLES
Appear during cell
division to guide
chromosomes apart
CENTRIOLES/MITOTIC SPINDLE
Made of MICROTUBULES (Tubulin)
Image from: http://www.coleharbourhigh.ednet.ns.ca/library/organelle_worksheet.htm
MITOCHONDRION
(plural=MITOCHONDRIA)
Look like little sausages

Image from: http://instructional1.calstatela.edu/dfrankl/CURR/kin150/Images/mitochondria.jpg
MITOCHONDRIA
Surrounded by a
DOUBLE membrane
Folded inner membrane
increases surface area
for more chemical
reactions
Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/mitochondria.jpe
Has its own DNA
MITOCHONDRIA
Come from
cytoplasm in EGG

You inherit your
mitochondria from
your mother!
http://www.wappingersschools.org/RCK/staff/teacherhp/johnson/visualvocab/p14%5b1%5d.jpg
WHAT DOES IT DO?
Burns glucose to
release energy
Stores energy as ATP
Powerplant of cell
Images from:
http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/mito.html
http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html
Image by: Riedell
RIBOSOMES
Made of PROTEINS and RNA

Protein factory for cell
Join amino acids to make proteins

Image from: http://www.ust.hk/roundtable/hi-tech.series/1_b1.jpg

Image by: RIedell
RIBOSOMES
Can be attached to
Rough ER

OR

free in cytoplasm
Image from: http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm
Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/endoplasmic.jpe
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
2 KINDS:
SMOOTH or ROUGH
Network of hollow membrane
tubules
Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/5_10B.GIF
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM (Rough ER)
Makes membrane
proteins and proteins
for export out of cell
Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/endoplasmic.jpe
Animation from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/er.html
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM (ER)
Has RIBOSOMES
attached

Proteins are made on
ribosomes and inserted
into Rough ER to be
modified and
transported
Image from: http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/cells/ER.jpg
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM (smooth ER)
Has NO
ribosomes
attached
Has enzymes for
special tasks
Image from: http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0073.JPG
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM (smooth ER)
Image from:http://www.accs.net/users/kriel/chapter%20eight/smooth%20er.gif
Makes membrane lipids (steroids)
Regulates calcium (muscle cells)
Destroys toxic substances (Liver)
GOLGI APPARATUS
(BODY)
Pancake like
membrane
stacks

Modify, sort, & package
molecules from ER
for storage OR
transport out of cell

Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.h
Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.h
Image from: http://www.rsbs.anu.edu
Animation from: http://www.franklincollege.edu/bioweb/A&Pfiles/week04.html
See a Golgi movie
Its ALL connected!

LYSOSOMES
Membrane bound sacs
that contain PROTEINS
called digestive enzymes
Animation from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/lysosomes.html
Digest food, unwanted molecules,
old organelles, cells, bacteria, etc
LYSOSOMES
Image modified from: http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.html
See
lysosomes
in action:
LYSOSOMES
Image from: http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.html
See LYSOSOME
MOVIE
http://www.mgm.ufl.edu/images/bharfe/image3.jpg
http://research.yale.edu/ysm/images/78.3/articles-apoptosis-cells.jpg
PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH
= ______________________
APOPTOSIS
Lysosomes help
digest unwanted
cells
See animation
Apoptosis plays a role in:

Embryonic development
Normal body cell maintenance
Immune system responses
Cancer
AIDS infection
Transplant rejection



http://www.cellsalive.com/apop.htm
FLAGELLA & CILIA
Made of
PROTEINS
called
MICROTUBULES

(9 + 2 arrangement)


Image from: http://www.stchs.org/science/courses/sbioa/metenergy/flagella.jpg
FLAGELLA
Help in cell
movement
CILIA

Move cell itself
Animation from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm
CILIA
Move substances
past cells
http://www.sk.lung.ca/content.cfm?edit_realword=hwbreathe
CILIA
Many
short
FLAGELLA
Few
Long
WHATS THE DIFFERENCE?
Animation from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm
WHATS SPECIAL ABOUT
PLANT CELLS?
Cell wall
HUGE vacuoles
Chloroplasts
No centrioles

Plant vs Animal cells
CELL WALL
Supports and
protects cell
Outside of
cell membrane

Made of carbohydrates & proteins
Plant cell walls are mainly _____________
CELLULOSE
http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/kids_space/images/brick_wall.jpg
VACUOLES
Storage space
Image from: http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/plant_cell.gif
http://library.thinkquest.org/3564/Cells/cell93.gif
VACUOLES
Storage space for
WATER, salts,
proteins (enzymes),
carbohydrates, and
waste
Vacuoles SMALL in ANIMAL CELLS
NO VACUOLES IN BACTERIA
Image from: http://www.metoliusfriends.org/csca/images/tupperware.jpg
Contractile vacuoles control excess
water in cells
(HOMEOSTASIS)
1
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgjun99/vidjun1.gif
CHLOROPLASTS
Use energy from
sunlight to make
own food (glucose)
http://stallion.abac.peachnet.edu/sm/kmccrae/BIOL2050/Ch1-13/JpegArt1-13/04jpeg/04-28_chloroplasts_1.jpg
http://www.seorf.ohiou.edu/~tstork/compass.rose/photosynthesis/chloro_sun_bathing.gif
CHLOROPLASTS
Surrounded by
DOUBLE
membrane
Contains own DNA
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_essentials_2/cipl/04/HTML/source/04-17-chloroplast-nl.htm
Thylakoid membrane sacs contain
enzymes for photosynthesis
Go to
Section:
Plant Cell
Nuclear
envelope
Ribosome
(attached)
Ribosome
(free)
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
Nucleus
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleolus
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrion
Cell wall
Cell
Membrane
Chloroplast
Vacuole
Section 7-2
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
WHATS DIFFERENT ABOUT
BACTERIAL CELLS?
Cell wall
NO NUCLEAR
MEMBRANE
DNA is circular
No membrane
bound organelles
http://www.eurekascience.com/ICanDoThat/bacteria_cells.htm
See video
BACTERIA have a CELL WALL BUT

ITS MADE OF
DIFFERENT
MOLECULES than
plant cell walls!



_______________ NOT CELLULOSE!

More on this in Chapter 18!
Image from: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/procaryotes/images/procaryote.jpg
PEPTIDOGLYCAN
WHICH IS BIGGER?
_________ > _____________ > ___________
Plant cell Animal cell
bacteria
DIFFERENCES IN ANIMAL CELLS, PLANT CELLS, AND BACTERIA
ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL BACTERIA
Eukaryotes Eukaryotes Prokaryotes
Cell membrane Cell membrane Cell membrane
Nuclear membrane Nuclear membrane NO nuclear membrane
NO cell wall Cell wall made of
CELLULOSE
Cell wall made of
PEPTIDOGLYCAN
Has ribosomes Has ribosomes Has ribosomes
DNA in multiple
chromosomes
DNA in multiple
chromosomes
DNA is a single
circular ring
CYTOSKELETON CYTOSKELETON CYTOSKELETON
Small vacuoles Really big vacuole NO vacuoles
Has lysosomes Has lysosomes NO lysosomes
Has centrioles NO centrioles NO centrioles
NO chloroplasts Chloroplasts NO chloroplasts
SMALLER SMALL SMALLEST
BACTERIA are
PROKARYOTES
PLANTS & ANIMALS
are EUKARYOTES
No membrane
bound organelles
Organelles with
membranes
USE WORDS FROM THE WORD BANKS TO COMPLETE THE VENN DIAGRAM COMPARISON
SOUTH DAKOTA
CORE SCIENCE STANDARDS
9-12.L.1.1. Students are able to relate cellular
functions and processes to specialized
structures within cells.
Transport
cell membranes, homeostasis
Photosynthesis and respiration
ATP-ADP energy cycle
Role of enzymes
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
LIFE SCIENCE:
Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures,
functions, classifications, and mechanisms found
in living things
9-12.L.1.2. Students are able to classify organisms
using characteristics and evolutionary
relationships of major taxa.
Kingdoms
Examples: animals, plants, fungi, protista, monera
Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures,
functions, classifications, and mechanisms found
in living things
Core High School Life Science
Performance Descriptors
High school students
performing at the
ADVANCED level:
predict the function of a given structure;
predict how homeostasis is maintained within living
systems;
High school students
performing at the
PROFICIENT level:
describe and give examples of chemical reactions
required to sustain life (role of enzymes)
describe the relationship between structure and function
explain how homeostasis is maintained within living
systems;
High school students
performing at the
BASIC level
name chemical reactions required to sustain life
( role of enzymes)
recognize that different structures perform
different functions
identify DNA as the structure that carries the
genetic code
define homeostasis;
SOUTH DAKOTA SCIENCE STANDARDS
9-12.L.1.1. Students are able to relate cellular
functions and processes to specialized
structures within cells.
Transport
cell membranes, homeostasis
Photosynthesis and respiration
ATP-ADP energy cycle
Role of enzymes
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
LIFE SCIENCE:
Indicator 1: Understand the fundamental structures,
functions, classifications, and mechanisms found
in living things