Yita Gayatri Willyani

030.10.281
And The Correlation with
Kaposis Sarkoma
AIDS
AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.
AIDS is a retroviral disease
caused by the human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
and its characterized by
profound immunosuppresion
leading to opportunistic
infections, secondary
neoplasms, and neurologic
manisfestations.
HIV
The human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV) infects cells of the immune
system, destroying or impairing
their function. Infection with the
virus results in the progressive
deterioration of the immune system,
leading to "immune deficiency." The
immune system is considered
deficient when it can no longer
fulfill its role of fighting
infection and disease. Infections
associated with severe
immunodeficiency are known as
"opportunistic infections," because
they take advantage of a weakened
immune system.
What is the Difference
Between HIV and AIDS?

HIV is the virus that causes AIDS.

H Human: because this virus can only infect
human beings.

I Immuno-deficiency: because the effect of
the virus is to create a deficiency, a
failure to work properly, within the bodys
immune system.

V Virus: because this organism is a virus,
which means one of its characteristics is
that it is incapable of reproducing by
itself. It reproduces by taking over the
machinery of the human cell.

A Acquired: because its a condition
one must acquire or get infected with;
not something transmitted through the
genes

I Immune: because it affects the
bodys immune system, the part of the
body which usually works to fight off
germs such as bacteria and viruses

D Deficiency: because it makes the
immune system deficient (makes it not
work properly)

S Syndrome: because someone with AIDS
may experience a wide range of
different diseases and opportunistic
infections.

How is HIV transmitted?
unprotected sexual intercourse (vaginal
or anal), and oral sex with an infected
person

transfusion of contaminated blood

and the sharing of contaminated needles,
syringes or other sharp instruments

may also be transmitted between a mother
and her infant during pregnancy,
childbirth and breastfeeding.
Skin Conditions Related to
HIV/AIDS

Oral Hairy Leukoplakia As
a Sign of HIV/AIDS

HIV/AIDS and Molluscum
Contagiosum

HIV/AIDS and Herpes
Shingles Can Be a Painful
Link to HIV/AIDS

Psoriasis and HIV/AIDS
HIV/AIDS and Seborrheic
Dermatitis

Kaposi's Sarcoma and
HIV/AIDS

Kaposis Sarcoma
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a form of cancer
that occurs on the skin and in mucous
membranes. It occurs among people who have
HIV/AIDS.
KS appears as purplish lesions on the skin.
Because of the weakened immune system caused
by AIDS, KS can spread quickly to other parts
of the body, including internal organs.
KS can be treated with surgery (cutting out
the lesion and surrounding skin),
chemotherapy (drugs that kill cancer cells),
radiation therapy (high doses of X-rays or
other radiation), or biologic therapy (using
the body's own resources to boost the immune
system).

Epidemiology
Prior to the advent of HIV, Kaposi
sarcoma was common in central Africa
and prevalent in Mediterranean
countries and the Middle East. It
rarely occurred elsewhere.

In Africa, the incidence of Kaposi
sarcoma is very high at 37.7 per
100,000 in men and 20.5 per 100,000 in
women.

In Europe, the highest rates of classic
Kaposi sarcoma are in Sicily (Ragusa,
30.1 cases per million in men/5.4 cases
per million in women) and Sardinia
(24.3 cases per million in men/7.7
cases per million in women).
Mortality/Morbidity
AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma, unlike other
forms of Kaposi sarcoma, tends to have an
aggressive clinical course. Morbidity may
occur from extensive cutaneous, mucosal, or
visceral involvement. In patients receiving
HAART, the disease often has a more indolent
clinical course or may regress spontaneously.

The most common causes of morbidity include
cosmetically disfiguring cutaneous lesions,
lymphedema, gastrointestinal involvement, or
pulmonary involvement (see History and
Physical). Pulmonary involvement is the most
common cause of mortality with uncontrolled
pulmonary hemorrhage.
Race
In Africa and developing
regions, epidemic AIDS-
related Kaposi sarcoma is
common in heterosexual adults
and occurs less often in
children.
Classic Kaposi sarcoma
typically occurs in elderly
men of Mediterranean and
Eastern European background.
Endemic African Kaposi
sarcoma occurs in HIV
seronegative men in Africa.

Sex
AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma: In the United
States, this condition occurs primarily in
homosexual males, bisexual men, and in the
female sexual partners of bisexual men.

African Kaposi sarcoma occurs in heterosexual
men and women with equal frequency.

Classic Kaposi sarcoma occurs primarily in
males, with a male-to-female ratio of 10-
15:1.

Age

AIDS-related Kaposi
sarcoma generally
occurs in young to
middle aged adults
aged 20-54 years.

Classic Kaposi
sarcoma typically
occurs in patients
aged 50-70 years.

African Kaposi
sarcoma occurs in
people of a younger
age (35-40 y).

AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma (Kaposi's
sarcoma, KS) carries a variable clinical
course ranging from minimal
mucocutaneous disease to widespread
organ involvement.

The lesions may involve the skin, oral
mucosa, lymph nodes, and visceral
organs.

Most patients present with cutaneous
disease.

Visceral disease may occasionally
precede cutaneous manifestations.

Lesions have been reported in autopsy
series involving virtually every organ.

Prevention

Primary Kaposi sarcoma

Prophylaxis against exposure to the
etiology agents of HIV and HHV-8 is the
most effective methods of preventing
Kaposi sarcoma. Sexual abstinence,
monogamy, condom use, avoidance of IV
drug use, and use of sterile needles and
syringes are the best methods.

Similar measures are recommended for
those who are already infected with HIV
to prevent infecting others and to avoid
co-infection with other sexually
transmitted and hematogenous infections.

Secondary Kaposi sarcoma


The use of HAART decreases risk of
Kaposi sarcoma in patients already
infected with HIV and may be equally
efficacious in treating Kaposi
sarcoma.

As of 2003, an estimated 6 million
people in developing nations were
urgently in need of HAART. Major
efforts are underway to provide such
antiretroviral treatment to these
people.

Medical Care
All therapies for Kaposi sarcoma
(Kaposi's sarcoma, KS) have been
markedly influenced by HAART (highly
active antiretroviral therapy), which
has decreased the incidence and
severity of this disease.


- Antiretroviral therapy
- Local therapy
- Palliative systemic therapy
Prognosis
Patients with
pulmonary Kaposi
sarcoma lesions
are often
symptomatic and
may present
emergently with
respiratory
failure.
REFERENCES

Nash G, Said JW. Pathology of AIDS. Vol. 26. In
editor: Jennifer Mitchell. WB Saunders Company;
Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc: Philadelphia.
1999. 3-5.
Kumar V, Cotran RS, Robbins SL. Robbins Basic
Pathology. Ed 7th. In editors: Richard N. Mitchell
and Vinay Kumar. Disease of Immunity. Elsevier:
Philadelphia. 2003. 147-8.
World Health Organization. WHO.int. HIV/AIDS.
[Update 2010 July]. Available at:
http://www.who.int/features/qa/71/en/index.html.
Accessed on 2011 July 1.
WebMD. Skin Problems & Treatments Health Center:
Skin Condition Related to HIV/AIDS. [Update 2010
March 3]. Available at: http://www.webmd.com/skin-
problems-and-treatments/aids-related-skin-
conditions. Accessed on 2011 July 1.
MedScape. Kaposi Sarcoma. [Update 2008 August 19].
Available at:
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279734-
overview#a0199. Accessed on 2011 July 2.

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