Signals & Systems

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Signal
The signals are detectable physical quantities that vary with
time, space
or any other independent variable or variables.
Classification of Signals
Signals can be classified as:
Continuous time Signals
Discrete time Signals

Continuous Time Signals

The Signal, which varies with respect
to time, is termed as continuous time
signal or analog signal.
Discrete Time Signals
When signal is specified at certain time
instants it is termed as discrete-time
Signal.

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Further classification of Signals
 Even and Odd Signals
 Energy and Power Signals.
 Deterministic and Random Signal.
 Periodic and Aperiodic Signals
Even Signals
If by changing independent axis,
without changing dependent axis the
f (t ) = f (− t )
magnitude of the signal remains
same, the signal is termed as even
signal.
Odd Signals
When independent variable is
changed and there is significant f (t ) = − f (− t )
change in the amplitude of function, it
is called odd signal.

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 Periodic and Aperiodic Signals
 Any continuous-time signal that
satisfies the condition: x(t+T) is
a periodic Signal.
x(t ) = x(t+ T )
 For Aperiodic Signals
x(t ) ≠ x(t+ T )
Energy and Power Signals
 Any signal, integrated over time
where it exists is energy signal.
T 2
Theses signals contain finite L im
amount of energy and zero
power.
E =
T→∞ ∫
−T
x(t ) d t

 Time average of energy signal L im 1 T 2

is Power signal, they contain

infinite energy.
P = ∫
T → ∞ 2T − T
x(t ) d t

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 SYSTEM
 Any process or any device by which you have certain operations
under certain rules is called a system. For now consider e.g. of
a robot arm, which performs certain operations on some control
inputs ( signals )under certain limitations can be consider as a
system.
Basic System representation

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 Classification of Systems
Systems can be classified as:
• Linear and Non linear Systems
• Time Invariant Systems
• Causal and Non- Causal Systems
• Memory and Memoryless Systems
• Stable and Unstable Systems
Linear and Non- Linear Systems
Linear System is one which follows
the important property of superposition.
Additivity
The response to x1(t) + x2(t) is y1(t) + y2(t)
Homogeneity/Scaling
The response to a x1(t) is a y1(t)

 So a system that follows both the properties is a linear system.

Non Linear system is one which do not follow the law of
superposition.
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Example:
Consider a system S whose input x(t) and output y(t) are related by
y(t) = tx(t)
To determine whether S is linear or not, we consider two arbitrary
inputs x1(t) and x2(t).
x1(t) → y1(t) = tx1(t)
x2(t) → y2(t) = tx2(t)
Let x3(t) be a linear combination of x1(t) and x2(t).That is,
x3(t) = a x1(t) + b x2(t)
where a and b are arbitrary scalars. If x3(t) is the input to S, then the
corresponding output may be expressed as
y3(t) = tx3(t)
= t(a x1(t) + b x2(t))
= at x1(t) + bt x2(t)
= a y1(t) + b y2(t)
we conclude that the system S is linear one.

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Numerical
If the input x(t) and output y(t) are related to system S by
y(t) = x2(t)
then determine S is linear or not.

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Time Invariant Systems

 Time Invariant System condition is based on two

steps:
 Give delay in input.
 Give delay in output
 If delay in input is equal to delay in output then
the system is Time Invariant. If not equal then
the system is Time Variant.

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Numerical

Time Variant System:

consider the system defined by
y(t) = 4tx(t)

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Example
Time Invariant System:
Consider the continuous-time system defined by
y(t) = sin [x(t)]
To check that this system is time invariant, we must determine whether
the time-invariance property holds for any input and any time shift
t0. Thus, let x1(t) be an arbitrary input to this system, and the output is
y1(t) = sin [x1(t)]
Let us consider a second input obtained by shifting x1(t) in time:
x2(t) = x1(t - t0)
The output corresponding to this input is
y2(t) = sin [x 2(t)] = sin [x1(t – t0)]
Similarly
y1(t – t0) = sin [x1(t – t0)]
Then y2(t) = y1(t – t0) , and therefore, this system is time invariant.

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Causal and Non Causal Systems
 System which outputs are dependent on present and
past input, system is called causal system. y [n] = x [-n]
 Non causal systems are those systems, the output of
which depends on future inputs.

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System with and Without
Memory
 A system is said to be memory less, or instantaneous, if
their present value of the output depends only on the
present value of the input
 y(t) = x(t)

 A system which depends upon past and future values is

called a Memory System.
 y [n] = x [n - 1]

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Transformation of Independent
Variable “t”
 Transformation of Independent variable ‘t’ is defined in
three ways:

 Time Shifting
 Time Scaling
 Time Reversal

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Time Shifting, Time
Reversal,Time Scaling
 Suppose we have a signal x(t) and we say we want to shift a
signal such as x(t-2) or x(t+2) so ‘-’ values indicate the past
values while the ‘+’ values indicate the future value

 Time reversal is the mirror image of the given signal as x(t)

= x(-t)

 Time Scaling is the scaled time according to input for e.g

x(2t) will be a compact signal as compared to x(t).

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Unit Impulse
 The signal which exist at t = 0 (time =0) is called a Unit
Impulse or delta function.

 It is represented by

δ(t ) =1

t =0;

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Unit Step Function
 The Signal which exist in single step is called a Unit step
function.

 It is represented by
 (t )
 If we integrate the area in which all unit impulses exist
then we get Unit step function.

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Continuous time Exponential
Functions
 The continuous time exponential function is:
at
f (t ) = Ae
 For this we have conditions:

 When “a” is positive.

 When “a” is negative.

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When ‘a’ is positive
1 0

 When ‘a’ is positive we 9 .5

get exponentially growing 9

function as illustrated with 8 .5

the graph. 8

7 .5

6 .5

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1 1 .2 1 .4 1 .6 1 .8 2 2 .2 2 .4 2 .6 2 .8 3

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When ‘a’ is negative
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 When ‘a’ is negative we 3 .5

get exponentially 3

decaying function as
2 .5
illustrated in graph.
2

1 .5

0 .5

0
1 1 .2 1 .4 1 .6 1 .8 2 2 .2 2 .4 2 .6 2 .8 3

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