CHAPTER 10

INTRODUCTION TO
CISCO IOS
Prepared By,
Prof.Dhanalakshmi
I T Dept,
SCET.

CISCO SYSTEMS LOGO

CISCO SYSTEMS
Cisco Systems is an American Multinational Corporation
headquartered in San Jose, California, United States that
designs and sells consumer electronics, networking,
voice and communication technology and services.
Ciscos current portfolio of products and services
is focused upon three market segments:
Enterprise and service provider
Small Business
Home
CISCO SYSTEMS SERVICES
Enterprise and Service Provider : Used in
corporate market for providing borderless
network, collaboration, IP Next Generation
Network.
Small Business : Routers and Switches, Security
and Surveillance, Voice and Conferencing
Solutions,
Wi-Fi Access Points.
Home : Broadband Cable Modems
CISCO CAREER
CERTIFICATIONS
Cisco Systems also sponsors a line of IT
Professional certifications for Cisco products.
There are five levels of certification :
Entry
Associate
Professional
Expert
Architect

CISCO AREAS OF
CERTIFICATION
Areas of Certification :
Routing and Switching Design
Network Security
Service Provider
Storage Networking
Wireless.






CISCO CERTIFICATION
EXAMS
Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA)
CCNA is the basic level of all Cisco Certifications.
It involves install, configure, and operate LAN,WAN
and dial access services for small networks.
Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP)
CISCO IOS
The Cisco Internetwork Operating System (IOS)
is the kernel of Cisco routers.
KERNEL : Basic part of an OS that allocates
resources bridge between applications and actual
data processing done at hardware level.


CISCO ROUTER IOS
Cisco IOS is a proprietary kernel that provides
Routing
Switching
Internetworking
Telecommunication features.

RESPOSIBILITIES OF CISCO
ROUTER IOS SOFTWARE
Carrying network protocols and functions.
Connecting high speed traffic between devices.
Adding security to control access and stop unauthorized
network.
Providing scalability for network growth and
redundancy.
Supplying network reliability for connecting to network
resources.

METHODS TO CONNECT TO
A CISCO ROUTER
1. Console port : RJ-45 (8 pin modular) connection located
at the back of router.
2. Auxiliary Port : Same as console port but auxillary port is
also used to configure modem commands.
Also used to dial up a remote router if the router is down.
Configure it Out Of Band - meaning out of the
network.
In Band Configuring the router through the network.
3. Telnet : Telnet is a network protocol used on the Internet or
local area networks to provide a bidirectional interactive text-
oriented communications facility using a virtual terminal
connection.
Telnet provided access to a command-line interface (usually,
of an operating system) on a remote host.
CISCO 2501 AND 2610
ROUTER
CISCO 2501 ROUTER
CISCO 2501 ROUTER
2501 router has
Two serial V.35 interfaces used for WAN
connections.
One Attachment Unit Interface (AUI) for
Ethernet Network Connection.
One console and one auxiliary connection via
RJ-45 connectors.
CISCO 2600 ROUTER
2600 series router is more advanced than 2500
series router because
It has a fast processor
Handle more interfaces.
2500 series machines are not capable of handling
the demands of corporate network but works
great for home use.

BRINGING UP A ROUTER
When first bring up a CISCO router it will run a Power
On Self Test (POST).
If it passes it will look for load the Cisco IOS from
Flash memory.
FLASH MEMORY : Electronically Erasable
Programmable Read Only Memory.

BRINGING UP A ROUTER
The following messages appear when we first boot or
reload a router.
This is the first part of router boot process output.

BRINGING UP A ROUTER
This part shows that the IOS is decompressed into RAM :

BRINGING UP A ROUTER
After it is decompressed into RAM, the IOS is loaded
and starts running the router as shown below :
BRINGING UP A ROUTER
Once the IOS is loaded the information learned from the
POST will be displayed as follows :
BRINGING UP A ROUTER
When the IOS is loaded and up and running, a valid
configuration will be loaded from NVRAM.
If there isnt a configuration in NVRAM, the router will
go into what is called setup mode.
Setup mode - a step-by-step process to help you
configure the router.
Setup Mode : Covers only global commands and its just
helpful.

COMMAND LINE INTERFACE
Command Line Interface (CLI) is the best way to
configure a router.
To use the CLI, say NO to enter initial
configuration dialog that is Setup Mode.
The router will respond with messages that tells
about status of each and everyone of its interfaces.

LOGGING INTO THE
ROUTER
After the interface messages appear:
Press Enter.
The Router> Prompt will appear.
This is called user exec mode : To view statistics.
Privileged Exec Mode : To view and change routers
configuration.

Router> prompt : Indicates user exec mode where we
can able to only view the statistics.
Router#> prompt Indicates that we are in privileged
mode where we can both view and change the routers
configuration.

LOGGING INTO THE
ROUTER
Go back from privileged mode to user mode by using
the disable command.
Router# disable
Router>
To logout from the console :




LOGGING INTO THE
ROUTER
Just type logout or exit from the privileged-mode
prompt to logout:






OVERVIEW OF ROUTER
MODES
To configure from CLI , we can make global changes to
the router by typing configure terminal or config t for
short which puts in global configuration mode.
A global command is set only once and affects the entire
router.


We can type config from privileged mode and press
Enter to take the default of terminal.

ROUTER MODES
To change the running configuration running in Dynamic
RAM give configure terminal.
To change startup configuration stored in NVRAM use
configure memory or config mem command.
To change router configuration stored on FTP host use
configure network or config net command.

INTERFACES
To make changes to an interface use interface command
from global configuration mode.

SUBINTERFACES
Subinterfaces allows to create logical interfaces
within the router.
The prompt then changes to Router(config-
subif)#

LINE COMMANDS
To configure user-mode password, use the line
command.
The prompt then becomes (Router config-line)#
ROUTING PROTOCOL
CONFIGURATIONS
To configure routing protocols such as RIP and IGRP use
the prompt (config-router)#
ROUTER TERMS

EDITING AND HELP
FEATURES
If we type (?) at any prompt we will be given a list of all the
commands available from the prompt.
EDITING AND HELP
FEATURES
Press the spacebar To get another page of
information.
Press Enter To go one command at a time.
Press Q To Quit and return to the prompt.
To fine commands start with a certain letter Use
the letter and question mark with no space between
them.
EDITING AND HELP
FEATURES
To find the next command in a string Type the first
command and then a question mark.
IDENTIFYING ERRORS IN
THE COMMAND


If we receive error message like this press Up arrow to
redisplay the last command then continue with the
command along with question mark.



Here we have entered the command incorrectly so the ^
symbol marks the point where we entered the command wrong.
Another example error :



It means there are multiple commands that begin with the
string we entered.
Use question mark to find the command we need :

ENHANCED EDITING
COMMANDS

ENHANCED EDITING
COMMANDS

ROUTER COMMAND
HISTORY

ROUTER COMMAND
HISTORY
show history command To view last 10 commands that
were entered on the router.
ROUTER COMMAND
HISTORY
show terminal command To verify the terminal history.
ROUTER COMMAND
HISTORY
terminal history size command Used from privileged
mode to change the size of history buffer.
ROUTER COMMAND
HISTORY
show terminal command To verify the change of
history size.
GATHERING BASIC ROUTER
INFORMATION
show version command Provide basic
configuration for the system hardware as well as
the software version, the names and sources of
configuration files and boot images.
The following line describes the ROM used
which is used to boot the router.

The next line shows how long the router has
been running , how it was restarted, where the
Cisco IOS was loaded from and the IOS name.
Flash is the default.








The above line displays the amount of DRAM and
flash memory and the interfaces the POST found on
the router,
ROUTER AND
SWITCH
ADMINISTRATIVE
FUNCTIONS
ROUTER AND SWITH
ADMINISTRATIVE FUNCTIONS
The administrative functions that we can
configure on a router and switch are :
Hostnames
Banners
Password
Interface Description

HOSTNAMES
hostname command To set the identity of a router.
It has no effect on how the router performs in an
internetwork.
BANNER
Banner : Message to give security notice if
anyone try to dial into your internetwork.
To display any general message to users.
Banner Types:
Exec process creation banner
Incoming terminal line banner
Login Banner
Message of the day banner (MOTD)
BANNER
banner? command output :
BANNER
Message of the Day (MOTD) is the most extensively
used banner. It gives message to every person dialing
into the router through Telnet, or auxiliary port or
through console port.
MOTD BANNER
MOTD BANNER
The MOTD banner tells anyone who is not
authenticated in connecting to the router to go
away from accessing it.



The MOTD message is followed by delimiting
character and press Enter.
MOTD BANNER
More than one banner message can be set in a
single line:
OTHER BANNERS USED
Exec Banner : Configure a line-activation
(exec) banner to be displayed when an EXEC
process is created. By simply starting a user exec
session through a console port we can activate
the exec banner.
Incoming banner : Configure a banner to be
displayed on terminals connected to reverse
Telnet lines. Provide instructions to users who
use reverse telnet.
OTHER BANNERS USED
LOGIN BANNER : We can a configure a login
banner to be displayed on all connected
terminals. This banner is displayed after the
MOTD banner but before the login prompts.
The login banner can be disabled only in
global mode by using no banner login
command.
SETTING PASSWORD
There are five passwords used to secure Cisco routers :
Console Password
Auxiliary Password Used to secure privileged mode.
Telnet
Enable Password To configure password when
user mode is accessed through
console port.
Enable Secret
ENABLE PASSWORDS
We can set the enable password from global
configuration mode like this :

ENABLE PASSWORDS
ENABLE PASSWORD PARAMETERS:
Last Resort : Allows to enter the router if we setup
authentication through a TACACS (Terminal Access
Controller Access Control System) and it is not
available.
PASSWORD : Sets the enable password.
SECRET : Newer encrypted password that overrides the
enable password.

ENABLE PASSWORDS
Example of setting enable password:





User mode passwords are assigned using line
command:

ENABLE PASSWORDS
aux Sets user mode password for auxiliary port. Its
used for attaching modem to a router.
console Sets a console user mode password.
vty Sets Telnet password for the router. If this password
is not set Telnet cant be used.
AUXILIARY PASSWORD
To configure auxiliary password , go into global
configuration mode and type line aux ?
CONSOLE PASSWORD
To set the console password use the line console 0
command.

TELNET PASSWORD
To set the user mode password for Telnet access into
the router use the line vty command
ENCRYPTING YOUR
PASSWORD
Only the enable secret password is encrypted by
default but we need to manually configure the user-
mode and enable passwords for encryption.
ENCRYPTING PASSWORD
To manually encrypt your password use the service
password-encryption command.
ENCRYPTING PASSWORD

INTERFACE DESCRIPTIONS
Similar to setting hostname to a router setting
descriptions on an interface is helpful to an administrator.
description command Used to set description of an
interface
show running - config command or show interface
command

Output of show interface command


ROUTER
INTERFACES
ROUTER INTERFACES
Interface configuration of a router is more
important to enable communication with
other devices.
Example in order to configure a serial interface
give the command as:


The following command would be used to
choose serial interface 5:

ROUTER INTERFACES
To configure Ethernet interface:





To configure an interface we normally give interface type
number by default.
But some router series use the syntax interface type
slot/port
ROUTER INTERFACES
Error message if we not give interface type slot/port
BRINGING UP AN
INTERFACE
shutdown command To turn an interface off.
no shutdown command To turn an interface ON
If an interface is shut down, itll display administratively
down when using the show interface (sh int) command:
no shutdown command Turn ON or bring up an
interface.
CONFIGURING IP ADDRESS
ON AN INTERFACE
ip address command : To configure ip addresses on an interface
from interface configuration mode



To add a second subnet address to an interface use the
secondary parameter.
CONFIGURING IP ADDRESS ON
AN INTERFACE
Verify both the addresses are configured on the
router with the show running-config
VIEWING, SAVING
AND
ERASING
CONFIGURATION
If we are in setup mode we will be asked if we want to
use the configuration we have created.
If YES, it will copy the configuration running in DRAM
(known as running-config) into NVRAM and name the
file startup-config.
Manually save the file from DRAM to NVRAM using
copy running-config startup-config command
Shortcut copy run start

When the command asked for destination filename, the
default name is startup-config.
If we type anything else we will receive an error.
show running-config and show startup-config
commands : Used to view the running configuration files
and startup configuration files.
Output of sh run:
Output of sh start command :
DELETING THE
CONFIGURATION AND
RELOADING THE ROUTER
Erase startup-config command : Delete the startup
configuration file.