Contributions Of

Scientist In The
Historical
Development Of The
Periodic Table
Chapter 4: Periodic Table of
Elements
Antoine
Lavoisier
John
Newlands
Lothar Meyer
Dmitri
Mendeleev
Henry J. G.
Moseley
Johann
W.Dobereiner


The element with the same chemical
properties is classed in the same group
The characteristics:
a) The element with the same chemical properties
is classed in the same group
b) The metal element (III, IV) is separated from
nonmetal (I, II)
c) Heat and light are categorized as an element


Antoine Lavoisier (1743- 1794)

The element are classed into 4 group:

GROUP
ELEMENT



I



O, N, H, heat, light


II

III
Antimony, As, Ni, Aurum, Bi, Pb, Mo,
Co, Mn, Fe, Hg,Cu

IV
CaO, Silicon (IV) oxide, aluminum oxide,
magnesium oxide, barium oxide, Ag, Pt,
Sn, W, Zn
S, P, C, Cl, F, B
Weakness:

-some of the element is not real element




-Element is classed in a group which
have three elements

-The elements which are classed in
the same group is have the same
chemical properties

- A mass of center elements of triad is
average of atomic mass for first and
third elements

Johann W.Dobereiner(1780-
1849)
Element
in triad
Chlorine
(Cl)
Bromine
(Br)
Iodine
(I)
Average of
atomic mass Cl
and I
Atomic
mass
relative
35 80 127 35 +127 = 81
2
A mass of center elements of triad is the average
of atomic mass for first and third elements.

The weakness: only limit to several elements





Arrangement the elements increasing of
mass atomic.

Elements is classed into a verticle group
with seven element in each group.

Chemical and physical properties elements is
recurrence for each eight element.

Arrangement the elements recognized as
octave rule. Mean of octave is eight.

The weakness: not take the elements which
are undiscovered yet.




John Newlands- Octaves laws (1864 )
H Li Be B C n O
F Na Mg Al Si p S
Ci K Ca Cr Ti Mn Fe
Co,
Ni
Cu Zn Y In As Se
Br Rh Sr Ce,
La
Zr Di,
Mo
Rh,
Ru
Pd Ag Cd V Sn Sb Te
I Cs Ba Ta W Nb Au
One of the pioneer of the Modern Periodic
Tables Plotting a graph- atomic volume
versus atomic mass.

The characteristics:
- The elements, which are in the same of relatively
position in the bend, are placed in the same group.

- Ex. Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs-
group Ex. Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs- group I
Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba- group II
F, Cl, Br, I- group VII





Lothar Meyer (1870)





Atomic
volume
Atomic
mass
The elements, which have a high melting
point are plotted at the decreasing and
the minimum part of bends.





One of the pioneer of the Modern Periodic
Tables.

The characteristics:
a) Arrangement the elements increasing of atomic
mass
b) Left the blank space for the undiscovered
elements
c) The extraordinary element like Cobalt and Nickel
are separated
d) When arranged atomic mass, the elements
exhibit a periodic recurrence of similar properties.
e) Predict the properties of several
as-yet-undiscovered elements


Dmitri Mendeleev (1834- 1907)

Elements which are undiscovered yet


One of the pioneer of the Modern Periodic
Tables.

Plotting the radiance-x versus atomic number
of the elements.

Found- each element have nucleus with same
positive charge

The number of positive charge will increase
for the next elements

The number of positive charge is known as an
atomic number

Arrangement the elements increasing of
atomic number
Henry Moseley (1913)
PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
THE GROUPS
vertical column in the periodic
table

numbering the column from 1-
18 going from left to right

18 groups


GROUPS IN THE PERIODIC TABLE









1
Lanthanide series

2 14 13 17 16 15 18
Actinide series
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
THE PERIODS
horizontal row in the periodic table

7 periods

numbering the row from 1-7 going from
top to bottom
PERIODS IN THE PERIODIC TABLE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
THE BASIC PRINCIPLE OF ARRANGING THE
ELEMENTS IN THE PERIODIC TABLE
according to the proton
number

from left to right and
from top to bottom

zig zag pattern
PROTON NUMBER
Atomic number
number of proton
in atoms nucleus





6
C

PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
PERIODIC TABLE
GROUP
18
NEXT
He
Ne
Ar
Kr
Xe
Rn
GROUP
18
What is the group 18 elements?

Knowing as noble gases group
Have 6 elements
Exist only in monoatomic
Monoatomic is only have one
atomic.
Eg: not
He
Ne
Ar
Kr
Xe
Rn
monoatom
Br2
dwiatom
BACK
He
Helium
BACK
BACK
BACK
BACK
BACK
BACK
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Element Atomic
no
Melting
point
Boiling
point
Atomic
size
(nm)
Density
(g/dm)
He 2 -270 -269 0.05 0.17
Ne 10 -248 -246 0.07 0.84
Ar 18 -189 -186 0.093 1.67
Kr 36 -156 -152 0.109 3.45
Xe 54 -112 -107 0.13 5.44
Rn 86 -71 -62 ? ?
BACK
CHANGES OF PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
ATOMIC SIZE
MELTING POINT & BOILING POINT
DENSITY
NEXT
ATOMIC SIZE


INCREASE
-Increase when go down the group
-The no of shell is increase
BACK
DENSITY
All noble gas have low
density.

Because the position of
atom are far among of
them

When go down the group,
the density are increase

INCREASE
BACK
MELTING POINT AND BOILING
POINT
Have lowest melting
and boiling point.
Because the atom of
noble gas had attract by
the weak of Van der
Waals Force and a few
energy used to
overcome it.
When go down the
group:


Atomic size increase
Van der Waals Force increase
INCREASE
BACK
Group 18 element


He
Ne
Ar
Kr
Xe
Rn
Reaction
.


Group 1 :

2Na(s) + Cl
2
(g) 2NaCl(s)
Group 17

C1(g) + C1(g) C1
2
Group 18

Ne(g) + Br
2
No reaction
Electron Arrangement
Helium
( 2 )
Neon
(2.8)
Argon
(2.8.8)
Krypton
(2.8.18.8)
Xenon
(2.8.18.18.8)
Duplet
- two electron at outer shell.


Octet
- A group of eight electrons in a single electron
shell.
- Atoms with an octet for the outer shell are very
stable (they all have a full outer shell) and un
reactive.
Uses of Group 18
element in daily life

Helium
Neon
Krypton
Xenon
Argon


Used of Helium
Found in atmosphere (one
part in 200,000).
Used in airship and
balloons.
Its is eight times less dense
than air.
Not inflammable.

balloons
HELIUM
Neon
Uses of Neon
Found in atmosphere (one
part in 55,000).
Used in neon signs.
Fluorescent lighting as it
emits an orangered glow
when an electric discharge
passes through it at low
pressure.
Neon sign
Argon
Uses of Argon

Used in electric light
bulbs and fluorescent
tubes
To supply inert
atmosphere for welding
process
Filament menthol
Krypton
Uses of Krypton

Used in some laser and
photographic flash
lamps.
Used in fluorescent
tubes
Used in the stroboscopic
lights which flank
airport runways.

Photographic flash lamps (camera)
Xenon
Uses of Xenon

Used limited as a
medical value
Used to fill
fluorescent tubes and
light bulbs

medical value
1
.H
E
L I U M
2
.X
N
O
N O G R
3
.A
4
.B
L
L
O
N
M
5.
M O N O A T
6
.O
C
T
E
T P Y R
7
.K O
8
.N
E
O
N
9
.I E R T
E
L
P
U
10
D
CROSS
1. is the first member of group 18 of the periodic
table.
3. is used in electric light bulbs and fluorescent
tubes.
5. They are all gases, obtained by the fractional
distillation of liquid air.
7. are used in some laser and photographic flash lamps.
9. The noble gases, also called or rare gases
Down
2. is used to fill fluorescent tubes and light bulbs.
4. It used in airship and
6. They are all un reactive because their atoms electron
configuration is very stable.
8. is used in neon signs and fluorescent lighting as it
emits an orange red glow when an electric discharge
passes through it at low pressure.
10. have two electron outer shell.
GROUP I ELEMENTS
Group 1
Row
Definition

An alkali metal is any element other than hydrogen found in the first
column of the periodic table. These elements include lithium (Li),
sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs) and
francium (Fr):


INTRODUCTION
Group 1 elements :
Lithium
Li
Sodium
Na
Potassium
K
PHYSICAL
APPEARANCES
HARDNESS
COLOR
Grey

Soft
( easily cut
with knife )
Lithium
Sodium
Potassium
Rubidium
Caesium
Francium
LITHIUM 2.1 152
SODIUM

2.8.1 186
POTASSIUM

2.8.8.1 231
RUBIDIUM

2.8.18.8.1 262
CESIUM

2.8.18.18.8.1 270
FRANCIUM

2.8.18.32.18.8.1 284
I
N
C
R
E
A
S
I
N
G
R
E
A
C
T
I
V
I
T
Y

Li


Na

K

Ru

Cs

Fr

ELECTRON
ARRANGEMENT
ATOMIC
RADIUS Nm (10
-12
)

Fr


Li


Na


Na


K


Li

Na


K


Ru


Cs


Fr

I
N
C
R
E
A
S
I
N
G
R
E
A
C
T
I
V
I
T
Y
3
11
19
37
55
87
Explaining the
Reactivity
Trend of the Group 1
Alkali Metals
As you go down the group from one
element down to the next
.. Li .. Na .. K .. Rb .. Cs .. Fr the
atomic radius gets bigger due to an
extra filled electron shell,
the outer electron is further and
further from the nucleus and is also
shielded by the extra full shell of
negative charge.
therefore the outer electron is less
and less strongly held by the
positive nucleus as the attractive
force is decreased, and so ....
this combination of factors means
the outer electron is more easily
lost, the positive ion more easily
formed, and so the element is more
reactive as you go down the group
PREDICT PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
RUBIDIUM, CESIUM AND FRANCIUM ELEMENTS
Li


Fr


Ru


K


Na

I
N
C
R
E
A
S
I
N
G
R
E
A
C
T
I
V
I
T
Y
Name Atomic
number
Electron
arrangement
melting
Point
(
O
C)
Density
g/cm3
atomic
radius nm
(10-12m)
Li 3 2.1 180 534 152
Na 11 2.8.1 98 971 186
K 19 2.8.8.1 69 1032 231
Ru
37 2.8.18.8.1 39 1532 262
Cs
55 2.8.18.18.8.1 28 1873 270
Fr
87 2.8.18.32.18.8.1 22 2031 284

Cs

What is chemical properties ?

Chemical properties is the reaction of the group 1
elements with Water, Oxygen and Chlorine.

Reaction of lithium,sodium and potassium
Water
Oxygen
Chlorine




Reaction with Oxygen
Lithium
Sodium
Potassium
Burn with red flame slowly,
Product is the white oxide: lithium oxide,Li
2
O.
Burn with bright yellow quickly and clear.
Dissolve in water to form strongly alkaline metal hydroxide,
pH 13-14, so universal indicator turns from green to blue.

4Li + O
2
2Li
2
0
Lithium Oxygen Lithium Oxide
Product is the white oxide: sodium oxide Na
2
O.

Dissolve in water to form strongly alkaline metal hydroxide
pH 13-14, so universal indicator turns from green to blue.

4Na + O
2
2Na
2
0
Sodium Oxygen Sodium Oxide

Burn very vigorously with brilliant purple flame
Product is the white oxide: potassium oxide K
2
O.

Dissolve in water to form strongly alkaline metal hydroxide
pH 13-14, so universal indicator turns from green to blue.

4K + O
2
2K
2
0
Potassium Oxygen Potassium Oxide
Reaction with water
Lithium
Sodium
Potassium

2Li + 2H
2
0 2LiOH + H
2

Move quickly on water surface.
Burns with a bright yellow flame
The colourless solution is obtained which turns red litmus blue.

2Na + 2H
2
0 2NaOH + H
2

Natrium water Natrium Hydroxide Hydrogen



Move virgously on water surface
Emits a brilliant purple flame.
A colourless solution is form which turn red litmus blue.

2K + 2H
2
0 2KOH + H
2

Potassium water Potassium Hydroxide Hydrogen

Lithium water Lithium Hydroxide Hydrogen
Hiss sound
Moves slowly on water surface. Burns with a red flame.
A colourless solution is obtained which turns red litmus blue.
Reaction with Chlorine
Lithium
Sodium
Potassium
Burn quickly with a bright yellow flame.
Produce white solid.
2Na + Cl
2
2NaCl
Sodium + chlorine Sodium chloride




Burn slowly in red flame.
Produce white solid
2Li + Cl
2
2LiCl
lithium + chlorine lithium chloride


Burn vigorously with a brilliant purple flame.
Produces a white solid .
2K + Cl
2
2KCl
Potassium + chlorine Potassium chloride

Lithium,sodium and Potassium which are group 1 elements are
have only one electron valence in the outer shell.

So,they have the same chemical reaction.
CONCLUSIONS
Group 1 elements are Lithium,Sodium and Potassium

The group 1 elements can reacts with water,chlorine and oxygen

Lithium,Sodium and Potassium have the same chemical properties
Because they have one electron valence in outer shell,

Li

Na

K


Ru


Ce


Fr

R
E
A
C
T
I
V
I
T
Y
I
N
C
R
E
A
S
I
N
G
Chemical Physical
This reaction illustrates the
increasing reactivity on
descending the Group.
Li reacts steadily with water,
with effervescence;
sodium reacts more violently
and can burn with an orange
flame;
K ignites on contact with water
and burns with a lilac flame;
They are soft, with low melting and boiling
temperatures. They have low densities -
Li, Na and K are less dense than water.

Li red

Na yellow

K lilac

The reactions became more
vigorous
as one progressed down the group.
The piece of Rb
(rubidium)reacted
Flame appeared instantaneously
upon contact with the metal and
the water.
The piece of Cs (cesium)
reacted most vigorously of all. An
explosion occurred and the glass
container holding the water was
broken.
low melting points, high density
compare with lithium, sodium and
potassium
float on water.
Very soft (easily squashed, extremely
malleable) and so they have little
material strength.

Rb red

Cs blue


SAFETY PRECAUTIONS WHEN
HANDLING
GROUP 1 ELEMENTS
They are so reactive that they
must be stored in Parafin oil.
Wear glove before handle the element.
Using forcep to take out the element
from the parafin oil.
Cutting element to small pieces.



1)Which statement is TRUE about the Group 1
Alkali Metals?
a) they are untypical hard metals
b) they have untypically low boiling
points
c) they are poor conductors of
electricity because they only have
one free outer electron in the metal
lattice
d) when pure they are silver solids
2)The diagram shows an outline of part of the
Periodic Table in five sections. In which section will
you find the most reactive metals
a) section 4
b) section 3
c) section 5
d) section 1
3) Group 1 Alkali Metals become more reactive
down the Group, as the atomic number
increases, because

a) they can share electrons more easily as the
atom gets smaller
b) they can gain another outer elecron more
easily as the atom gets smaller
c) they can share electrons more easily as the
atom gets bigger
d) they can lose the outer elecron more easily
as the atom gets bigger

4) When alkali metals react with
water, the increase in reactivity
down the group, with increasing
atomic number, is partly explained
by the?
a) outer electron increasingly nearer
the positive nucleus
b) decreasingly smaller atom
c) increasingly easier reduction of M
to M
+

d) outer electron being increasingly
less strongly held by the nucleus
The Group 17 elements ( F, Cl, Br, I, At)
GROUP 17
The elements of Group 17 we called HALOGEN

Elements Atomic
Numbers
Electron
Arrangement
Fluorine 9
Chlorine 17
Bromine 35
Iodine 53
Astatine 85
2.8.7
2.8.18.7
2.8.18.18.7
2.8.18.32.18.7
2.7
Group 17
Non-metal
Known as halogen
Exist as diatomic molecule in nature (X
2
)
Elements :
Flourine
Chlorine
Bromine
Iodine
Astatine


Physical Properties
*things that we can see
Atomic number
Atomic radii
Electronegativity
Density
Melting point
Boiling point
Phase
Colour
Colour


Every elements has different colours



Pale yellow
Greenish
yellow
Deep-red
Bluish black
F
X
X
X
X
X
X
The electron arrangement of Fluorine (2.7)
Cl
X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X

X

Electron arrangement for atom chlorine 2.8.7
It has 7 electron in outermost shell.
Cl
-
2.8.7
To make a stable electron arrangement,
chlorine must add one electron to the
outermost shell.
After add one electron, the charges
of chlorin is -1
The electron arrangement of Chlorine (2.8.7)
2.8.8
back
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X X
Br
The arrangement electron of Bromine (2.8.18.7)
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X X
X
X X
X
X
X X
X
The arrangement
electron of Iodine
(2.8.18.18.7)
I
REACTIVITY OF ELEMENTS GROUP 17 .
When down to periodic table:
Size of atom will increase
Electrons valence situated far from nucleus atom.
So, The nucleus attraction force on to the electron in
electron valence will decrease
F

Cl

Br

I
LESS REACTIVE
F
Fluorine
Cl
Chlorine
Br
Bromine
I
Iodine
At
Astatine
LESS
REACTIVE
BACK NEXT
X
ELEMENT IN GROUP 17
Group 17
F
Fluorin
e
Cl
Chlori
ne
Br
Bromi
ne
I
Iodi
ne
At
Astatin
e
Physical properties
Electron Arrangement
BACK NEXT
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
ELEMENT
BOILING
POINT
MELTING
POINT
DENSITY
(g
cm-1
)
COLOUR
Fluorine
-220 -188 0.0017 Light
green
Chlorine
-101 -34 0.0032 Yellowish
green
Bromine
-7 59 3.12 Brownish
Red
Iodine
113 184 4.94 Dark
purple
Increasing
BACK
ELECTRON ARRAGEMENT
ELEMENT ELECTRON
ARRANGEMENT
RADIUS
Fluorine
2.7 0.071
Chlorine
2.8.7 0.099
Bromine
2.8.18.7 0.114
Iodine
2.8.18.18.7 0.133
Increasing
BACK

Chlorine, bromine, and iodine are all irritating,
toxic chemicals and flammable

Dangerous for living thing respiration system.

While Astatine is radioactive substance.

Exposing the skin to liquid bromine can lead to
painful, slow healing burns.

NEXT BACK
PRECAUTIONS
Avoid breathing their vapors.

Gloves and goggle should always
be worn when handling this
substances.

Handling in fume cupboard.

Obey the laboratory safety rules.



alkaline
metal

water
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
OF HALOGEN GROUPS
Hydrocholoric acid
2 cm
3

water
KNO
3

Chlorine react with water
Chemical properties:
(a) Reaction with water
All the halogens group can dissolve in water to yield acid
compound with bleach properties.



Cl
2
+ H
2
O HCl + HClO

Br
2
+ H
2
O

I
2
+ H
2
O



Chemical
properties
Bleach
properties
X
2
+ H
2
O HX + HOX
HBr
HBrO
+
HI + HIO
Chlorine react with iron (ferum)

HCl
condensed
KNO
3
crystal

heated
Iron
Limestone soda
Erlenmeyer
flusk
(b) Reaction with iron
All the Halogens group react with iron to yield ferum
halide in reddish brown colour.


2 Cl2 + 2 Fe 2 FeCl2

2 Br2 + 2 Fe

2 I
2
+ 2 Fe
HALOGEN + FERUM FERUM HALIDE
2 FeBr2
2 FeI2

(c) Reaction with sodium hydroxide
Elements Group 17 react with natrium hidroxide to
yield salt and water.



Cl2 + 2 NaOH NaCl + NaOCl + H2O

Br2 + 2 NaOH

I2 + 2 NaOH
X
2
+ 2NaOH NaCl + NaOX + H2O
NaBr NaOBr + H2O
+
NaI NaOI + H2O
+
Electron valence group 17 :
All elements group 17 have 7 electron valence.
When the chemical reaction occur, the atoms this
group accept 1 electron to form anion halides. (F
-
,
Cl
-
, Br
-
, and I
-
). So that, all the elements have
same chemical properties.



Cl + e Cl
-


Example: Chlorine
Al
Na

Mg
Si P
S
Cl Ar
2.8.1 2.8.2
2.8.4 2.8.5
2.8.6 2.8.7
2.8.8
2.8.3



Proton number increase from left to right
The shell number with electron are same
The nucleus attraction to the electron increase
So size of atom are decrease
Argon has a big size because it is octet
The shell of argon are full with electron.
Therefore there are no in or out electron into argon shell.
Ability to pull electron increase from left to right in period 3
Size of atom are decrease so the ability of nucleus are increase
That why electronegativity also increase

Element

Na

Mg

Al

Si

P

S

Cl

Ar

Metal
properties

Metal

Half Metal

Non metal

Melting
point

Boiling
point
CHANGES IN THE PROPERTIES OF THE
OXIDES OF ELEMENTS ACROSS PERIOD
3
THE ACID-BASE PROPERTIES OF THE OXIDE
OF PERIOD 3 ELEMENTS
Oxide
Observation
Inference
With water
pH
Value
With NaOH With NHO3
Na2O Soluble. Forms
colourless
solution
13 - 14 insoluble Soluble.
Forms
colourless
solution
Strong base.
Strong alkali.
Metallic nature.
MgO Slightly soluble.
Colourless
solution
8 - 9 insoluble

Soluble.
Forms
colourless
solution
A basic oxide.
Weak alkali.
Metallic nature.
Al2O3 insoluble

7 Soluble. Forms
colourless
solution

Soluble.
Forms
colourless
solution

An amphoteric
oxide, with acidic
and bacic
properties. Semi
metallic.
SiO2 Insoluble 7 Soluble. Forms
colourless
solution
Insoluble

An acidic oxide.
Non metallic
Nature.
THE ACID-BASE PROPERTIES OF THE OXIDE
OF PERIOD 3 ELEMENTS
Oxide
Observation
Inference
With water pH Value With NaOH
With
NHO3
P4O10 Soluble. Forms
colourless
solution
2 - 3 Soluble.
Forms
colourless
solution
Insoluble

An acidic oxide.
Non metallic
Nature.
SO2 Soluble. Forms
colourless
solution
2 - 3

Form an acid.
An acidic oxide.
Non metallic
Nature.
Cl2O7 Soluble. Forms
colourless
solution
1 Strong acid formed.
An acidic oxide.
Non metallic Nature
Conclision :
The oxide of elements in period 3 change from basic to amphoteric, and then to an acidic
nature as we go across the period towards the right.
PERIOD 3 OXIDES
1. The metallic nature of elements change from
sodium to argon as follows:
a) Na, Mg and Si are metals.
b) Si is a semi-metal or metalloid, showing both metallic and non-metallic
properties.
c) P, S, Cl and Ar are non-metals.
2. All Period 3 elements, except argon, form oxides with oxygen.
3. The metals from basic oxide while the non-metals form acidic oxides.
4. Al is classified as a metal and not a metalloid because
a) ( amphoteric oxide ) that reacts with both acids and alkalis to form salt and
water.
b) it good conductor of electricity and heat.
c) malleable and ductile.
5. Si is classified as a metalloid and not a metal because
a) it reacts with acid but not an alkali.
b) it weak conductor of electricity and heat.
c) it brittle and not like other metals.

PREDICT CHANGES IN THE PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS
ACROSS PERIOD 2 BASE ON PERIOD 3
Symbol Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Configuration 2,8,1 2,8,2 2,8,3 2,8,4 2,8,5 2,8,6 2,8,7 2,8,8

Atomic Radius 186 160 143 118 110 102 99 192
Electronegativit
y
0.9 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.2 2.6 3.2 -
Metallic metal metal metal metalloi
d
non-
metal
non-
metal
non-
metal
non-
metal
Symbol Li Be B C N O F Ne
Configuration 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 2,7 2,8
Atomic Radius 155 112 - - - - - -
Electronegativit
y
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.03 3.5 4.0 -
Metallic metal metal metall
oid
non-
metal
non-
metal
non-
metal
non-
metal
non-
metal
PERIOD 2
PERIOD 3
USES OF SEMI METALS
1 The semi-metals like Si and Ge are used in the
micro-electronic industry.
2. Having 4 valence electrons, they need to shere 4 other
valence electrons to achieve the
octet arrangement.Thus, they form large covalent
molecules, which cannot conduct electricity.
3. However, if heated, the semi metals covalent bonds
break and its free valence electrons can
conduct electricity.

USES OF SEMI METALS
SILICON IS VERY
SUITABLE TO MAKE
MICROCHIPS. IT IS VERY
IMPORTANT IN ;
MICROCHI
P
USES OF SEMI METALS





Uses of variously
Transition metal
Examples of transition
elements exist naturally
How to handle the chemicals
wisely in the lab
Green-Ni, Fe
Red-Cr
Blue-Fe,Ti
Purple-Fe, Mn
Gem stones Colour Transition metals
exist in compound
Emerald Green nickel, ferum
Ruby Red chromium
Sapphire Blue ferum, titanium
Topaz Purple or purple
blue
ferum, mangan
The transition elements that exist naturally :
Ni, Fe
Fe, Mn Fe, Ti
Cr
Periodic Table of Elements






DEMONSTRATION OF
HANDLING CHEMICALS
WISELY

1
2
3
4
5
DEMONSTRATION OF
HANDLING CHEMICALS
WISELY

Prevent from taste
and smell the
chemicals products
because they are
poisonous and
hazardous
Use spatula while handle the solid
chemicals substances to avoid
touching with hand
Dont put back the
chemicals that have been
used into its own container.
The chemicals that have
been used may react with
the surrounding
Avoid from throwing any kinds of solid
waste into the sink. The chemicals can
pollute the environment. All the waste
substances must be thrown into the
waste container
Use the chemicals
substances in
appropriate value
because the chemicals
are very costly and
valuable
Prevent from taste
and smell the
chemicals products
because they are
poisonous and
hazardous
1
Use spatula while
handle the solid
chemicals
substances to avoid
touching with hand
2
Dont put back the
chemicals that have
been used into its
own container. The
chemicals that have
been used may react
with the surrounding
3
Avoid from
throwing any kinds
of solid waste into
the sink. The
chemicals can
pollute the
environment. All the
waste substances
must be thrown into
the waste container
4
Use the
chemicals
substances in
appropriate value
because the
chemicals are
very costly and
valuable
5
TRANSITION
ELEMENTS
POSITION
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
USES
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
have large charge/radius ratio
have high densities
have high melting and boiling points
shiny surfaces
good conductor

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:
form coloured ions and compounds
show variable oxidation states
form ion complexes


Transition
Elements
Uses
Copper used in the electrical industry, in
plumbing and for cookware.
Ferum used to produce other iron alloys,
including steel.
Mercury used to make thermometers,
pesticides, batteries and dental
preparations
Platinum used in jewelry and wire
Tungsten Used to make tools and filaments in
light bulbs.
1. Give the example of transition elements
a. Hydrogen
b. Cuprum
c. Magnesium
d. Sodium ANSWER

2. What is physical properties of transition elements?
a. show variable oxidation states
b. form ion complexes
c. shining surface ANSWER



3. Give the transition elements that uses in industries below

Thermometers ANSWER

Filament ANSWER

Jewellery ANSWER