Credit Hour : 3

Teaching plan
APPLIED CALCULUS
By : Madam Najihah Mohamed
Ext No : GAMBANG (09-5492380)
PEKAN (???)
Hp No : 019-9732119 / 0194738226
Room No : GAMBANG (A01-2043)
PEKAN (???)

POLAR COORDINATES
&
VECTOR
POLAR COORDINATES & VECTOR
- Plot and sketch the surfaces in

3
R
and polar coordinates graph.
- Solve the problem involving surfaces
in
3
R
and polar coordinates.
- Determine the change between
polar coordinates and Cartesian
coordinates.
A vector is a quantity that has both magnitude
and direction.
Example: velocity and force

Vector representation: PQ,

P: initial point
Q: terminal point

PQ
But in your work you may
write an arrow over the
designated points as above




The velocity vector of a particle moving along a path (a) in plane (b) in space.
The arrowhead on the path indicates the direction of motion of the particle.
z
yz-plane
xz-plane
xy-plane
y
x
A typical classroom; assume the dimensions are 25 ft by 30 ft
with an 8-foot ceiling.

Floor : xy-plane; equation is z=0
Ceiling : plane parallel to the xy-plane; equation is z=8
Front wall : yz-plane; equation x=0
Back wall : plane parallel to the yz-plane; equation is x=30
Left wall : xz-plane; equation is y=0
Right wall : plane parallel to the xz-plane; equation is y=25
Graph the following ordered triples:

a. (10, 20, 10)
b. (20, -10, -40)
The distance between and
is
2 1
P P
) , , (
1 1 1 1
z y x P
) , , (
2 2 2 2
z y x P
2
1 2
2
1 2
2
1 2 2 1
) ( ) ( ) ( z z y y x x P P + + =

Find the distance between (10, 20, 10) and
(-12, 6, 12).

A vector in R
3
is a directed line segment (an
arrow) in space.

Given:
-initial point
-terminal point
Then the vector PQ has the unique standard
component form

) , , (
1 1 1
z y x P
) , , (
2 2 2
z y x Q
) ( =
1 2 1 2 1 2
, , z z y y x x PQ
The unit vector:
points in the directions of the positive x-axis
points in the directions of the positive y-axis
points in the directions of the positive z-axis

i, j and k are called standard basis vector in R
3
.

Any vector PQ can be expressed as a linear combination of i, j
and k (standard representation of PQ)


with magnitude
) ( = 0 , 0 , 1 i
) ( = 0 , 1 , 0 j
) ( = 1 , 0 , 0 k
k j i PQ ) ( ) ( ) (
1 2 1 2 1 2
z z y y x x + + =
2
1 2
2
1 2
2
1 2
) ( ) ( ) ( z z y y x x + + = PQ
Find the standard representation of the vector PQ
with initial point P(-1, 2, 2) and terminal point
Q(3, -2, 4).
The position of a point in the plane can be stated using Polar Coordinates.
Polar coordinates system consists Horizontal line, Origin point O and
angle between OP and horizontal line.

r
x
u
The coordinate for P is (r, ) u
x
Positive if anticlockwise
Negative if clockwise
r
x
-r
) , ( u r P
) , ( u r P
u
Example 1
Plot the points whose polar coordinates are given:
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
4
3
, 3
,
3
2
, 2
, 3 , 2
,
4
5
, 1
t
t
t
t
D d
C c
B b
A a
Exercise 1
Plot the points whose polar coordinates are given:
( )
( )
( )
( )
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
4
, 2
,
4
, 2
,
4
, 2
,
4
, 2
t
t
t
t
D d
C c
B b
A a
Let the point in Cartesian coordinates system
and it polar system.

u
) , ( ) , ( u r P y x P =
y
x
) , ( y x P
) , ( u r P
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
u
u
u
tan
have will
1
2
while,
2 1
produce will
2 sin
1 cos
2
2 2 2 2
=
= + = +
=
=
x
y
r y x
r y
r x
Example 2
Change the polar coordinates to Cartesian coordinates.
|
.
|

\
|
3
, 2
t
( ) 3 , 1 is s coordinate Cartesian The
3
3
sin 2 sin
1
3
cos 2 cos
then ,
3
and 2 Since

= = =
= = =
= =
t
u
t
u
t
u
r y
r x
r
Example 3
Change the coordinates Cartesian to polar coordinates.
( ) 1 , 1
( ) ( )
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
= =
= + = + =
4
7
, 2 and
4
, 2 are s coordinate polar possible The
4
7
or
4
, 1 tan
2 1 1
then positive, be to choose we If
2 2
2 2
t t
t t
u
u
x
y
y x r
r
( ) 1 , 1
x
y
Exercise 2
Change the polar coordinates to Cartesian coordinates.
Exercise 3
Change the rectangular coordinates to the polar coordinates.
Exercise 4*
Get all the polar coordinates P which has Cartesian coordinate
|
.
|

\
|
t
4
5
, 3
|
|
.
|

\
|

2
5
,
2
3 5
) 3 5 , 5 (
|
|
.
|

\
|
2
2 3
,
2
2 3
: Answer
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
6
5
, 5 and
6
11
, 5 :
t t
Answer
Example / Exercise 5
Sketch the region in the plane consisting of points whose polar coordinates
satisfy the given condition
6 2
, 4 0 )
3
2
3
, 0 )
2 1 )
t
u
t
t
u
t
s s

s s
s s >
s s
r c
r b
r a
u
u
) , ( u r
) , ( u r
u
u t
) , ( u r
) , ( u t r
t u s s 0
Symmetry with respect to x axis
Symmetry with respect to y axis
u
) , ( u r
) , ( u r
Symmetry with respect to the origin
Example / Exercise 8
Given that . Determine the symmetry of the polar equation and
then sketch the graph.
u cos 2 + = r
Example / Exercise 9
Determine the symmetry of the polar equation and sketch u sin 2 + = r
Example / Exercise 10
Test and sketch the curve for symmetry. u 2 cos = r
Example / Exercise 6
What curve represented by the polar equation
2 = r
Example / Exercise 7
Given that . Determine the symmetry of the polar equation and
then sketch the graph.
u cos 2 = r
Area of Polar Coordinates



Example 11
Find the area enclosed by one loop of four petals
u 2 cos = r
Example 12
Find the area of the region that lies inside the circle and outside the
cardioid
u sin 3 = r
u sin 1+ = r
u d r A
b
a
}
=
2
2
1
:
8
Answer
t
: Answer t


Todays Objective:
.
- Analyze the parametric equation.
2
R
Let f and g be continuous functions of t on an interval I
; then the equations

x = f (t) and y = g (t)

are called parametric equations with parameter t. As t
varies over the parametric set I , the points
(x,y) = (f (t) , g (t)) trace out a parametric curve.
2
R
Actually what is the parameterizing a curve?

Let say, we have


This equation also can be represent as


But, parameterizations are not unique.
2
9 9 x y =
Cartesian equation
1 2
3
9, for 3 2 x t y t t = = s s
( )
1 2 2
3 9
9 9 1 , 3 for x t y t t = = s s
The symbol for a parameter is not necessarily the letter t.
Other symbols

t : time
: temperature
: angular veloctity
s :
so on..
u
e
2
R
Example 1:

Consider the parametric equations,



a) Sketch the graph.

b) By eliminating t, find the Cartesian equation.


2
R
1 2
3
9, for 3 2 x t y t t = = s s
1 2
3
9, for 3 2 x t y t t = = s s
2
9 9 x y =
Example 2:

Consider the parametric equations,



a) Sketch the graph.

b) By eliminating t, find the Cartesian equation.


2
R
cos , sin for 0
t t
x e t y e t t

= = s
No convenient way
of e1iminating
the parameter
cos , sin for 0
t t
x e t y e t t

= = s
( )
( )
Sketch the graph of 2 4 , 1 5 , 3
So1ution:
In this form we can see that 2 4 , 1 5 , 3
Notice that this is nothing more than a 1ine, with
a point 2, 1, 3 and a vector para11e1 is 4, 5,1 .
F t t t t
x t y t z t
= + +
= = + = +
= v
Example : Graph in
3
R

( )
Sketch the graph of 2cos , 2sin , 3
So1ution:
In this form we can see that 2cos , 2sin , 3
If we ignore equation, it wi11 be a circ1e of radius 2 centered at origin.
And, then when we consider back
F t t t
x t y t z
z
=
= = =
, 3, the circ1e wi11 be at 1eve1 3. z z = =
Example : Graph in
3
R

( )
Sketch the graph of 4cos , 4sin ,
So1ution:
F t t t t =
Example : Graph in
3
R

( )
Sketch the graph of 4cos , 4sin ,
So1ution:
F t t t t =
Example : Graph in
3
R


How about the reverse process?
(finding a suitable set of
parametric equations for a given
curve)
2
R
As it is not unique, so there will be no
simple procedure
1. Circle , parametric equations are


2. Ellipse , parametric equations are


3. Parabola , parametric equations are


4. Hyperbola , parametric equations are
2 2 2
x y a + =
cos , sin x a y a u u = =
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
+ =
cos , sin x a y b u u = =
2
4 y ax =
2
, 2 x at y at = =
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
=
sec , tan x a y b u u = =
2
R
Questions :
Find the parametric equations for each of the curves in
problem of:
1.Circle

2.Curve

Eliminate the parameter to find a Cartesian
equation of the curve
1. 2.
2
R
4 2
3 x y y =
2 2
1 x y + =
, 1 x t y t = =

t t
x e y e

= =
THE END
DO YOUR TUTORIAL !!