Biology

The science of biology (life science) deals with the

).living things (organisms
It comprises zoology (deals with animals) and
).botany (deals with plants
Branches of biology
Cytology: It involves the detailed study of
structures and functions of the cell.
Histology: The study of microscopic structure of
biological tissues.
Physiology: It deals with functions and
mechanisms of action of organs and systems within
.the living body
Genetics: It deals with the transmission of
hereditary characters between successive
generation.
Embryology: The formation of new individuals and
early growth and development of them.
Endocrinology: The science of hormones or
endocrine glands.
Anatomy: The study of biological structures as
revealed by gross dissection.
Morphology: The study of form and structure of
animals and plants.
Taxonomy: The study of identification and
classification of living organisms.
Ecology: The study of relation between organisms
and surrounding environment.
Parasitology: The study of parasites.
Entomology: The study of insects
Cytogenetics: Represents the close dependence of
both cytology and genetics.
 Characteristics of living things
For something to be living it has to show all
of the following characteristics.
1- Irritability: It is the capacity of the cell or organism to
respond to a stimulus.
2- Movement: It is the ability to move. Animals swim,
crawl, fly, wiggle or run. Few animals such as sponges,
corals and certain parasites do not move from place to
place, but most of these animals have cilia or flagellae.
3- Growth: It is the increase in cellular mass which
brought by an increase in the size of the individual cells or
by an increase in the number of cells.
 Characteristics of living things (continue)
4- Reproduction: It the ability to reproduce i.e. to produce
new individuals similar to the original parents.
5- Metabolism: Metabolism can be defined as the chemical
processes of the cell by which nutrition is effected.
Metabolism is classified into anabolism and catabolism.

6- Respiration: It is the process whereby food substances

and oxygen within the cell interact chemically to produce
energy, carbon dioxide and water. This process is essential
for life.
 )Cell biology (cytology
Cell theory
Hooke (1665): described tiny square boxes of a thin slice of
cork called them cells.
Leeuwenkoek (1675): described the 1st living cells.
Brown (1831): described the presence of a central body
in each cell & called it the nucleus.
Schleiden (1838): show all plants are composed of cells.
Schwaan (1839): show all animals are composed of cells
++ animal cell lacks cell wall that found in plant cell.
Watson & Crick (1953): develop the model of DNA which
is the hereditary material.
 Cell theory:
:It states
1- All living organisms are made of cells.
2- The cell is the smallest living thing that can perform all
the functions of life.
3- All cells must come from preexisting cells.
Types of cells
A- Prokaryotes:
Main characteristics of prokaryotes:
1- The smallest, most primitive and most diverse. They are
mainly unicellular.
2- They have cell walls above the cell membrane.
3- They do not have a nuclear membrane.
Notes
a- The enclosed DNA is usually a single circular strand
and is attached to the cell membrane.
b- DNA only has small amounts of attached protein.
4- They lack membranous organelles
5- Ribosomes are slightly smaller than those found in
eukaryotes.
6- They have a faster rate of division.
7- They never form tissues.
8- Flagella, when present, are totally different in structure
than those found in eukaryotes.
The classic examples of prokaryotes are Bacteria
General plan of prokaryotic cell

* Single strand
* Circular
* Attached to cell
membrane
* Attached with
small amount of
protein

e.g. Bacteria
Prokaryotic cell
Another shape of bacteria

Bacteria
e.g. Bacteria
 A- Eukaryotes:
Main characteristics of eukaryotes:
1- Relatively large, complex and less diverse. They are
unicellular (amoeba) or multicellular ( human).
2- They have nuclear membrane i.e. a distinct membrane-
bounded nucleus .
3- They have membranous organelles
4- Ribosomes are slightly larger than those found in
prokaryotes.
5- They have a less rate of cell division.
6- They form tissues.
7- Flagellae, when present, are totally different in structure
than those found in prokaryotes.
They include plant and animal cells.
The components of an idealized eukaryotic cell

Nuclear
membrane

Nuclear sap
 Differences between prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells
Membranous Tissue Adaptability
organelles formation NA ibosomes ize (µm) inimum division
time

resent in
rokaryotes bsent o not form circular form resent but .1-10 0 min. ood
tissues with less small
protein

an form resent with -100 with

ukaryotes resent tissues much protein resent but 0 hr ess good
larger ome
exceptions
 Structural differences between plant and animal cells
Plant cells Animal cells
Cell walls are almost present outside No cell walls present outside the cell
the cell membrane membrane
Plastids occur in cytoplasm No plastids are found
Large central vacuoles filled with cell Vacuoles, if present, are small and
sap contractile or temporary vesicles
Centrioles present only in cells of lower Centrioles always present
plant forms

The following figures represent an idealized

eukaryotic animal & plant cell.
An animal cell
Another shape
of animal cell
Another
shape
of animal
cell
Another shape of animal cell
 An eukaryotic plant cell

Central vacuole mitochondrio

n
nuclear
membrane
nucleus

Chromatin microtubules
network
nucleolus
microfilament
rough endoplasmic s
(reticulum (ER chloroplast

smooth ER

plasmodesma
ta
peroxisome ribosomes

cell wall Golgi

apparatus
plasma membrane
Another shape of an eukaryotic plant cell
Another shape of eukaryotic plant cell
Differences between animal & plant cell
 Cell size
The cells are widely variable ranging from 1 µm {as bacterial cells} to 30 cm in
diameter {as ostrich egg (female gamete)}.
This is due to huge amount of yolk (stored food materials) necessary to feed the
developing ostrich chick.

Also, nerve cell (neuron) may reach more than 90 cm long in

large animals.

The relation between the cell volume and its surface area
that stimulates the cell to divide.

Cell shape
Variable: according to their location, function, stage of development.

flat or squamous (e.g. endothelium of blood vessels), cuboidal (cubical) (e.g. renal
tubules), columnar (e.g. mucosa of the alimentary canal), oval (e.g. red blood cells
of Bufo), spherical (e.g. red blood cells of man), fusiform (e.g. smooth muscle
cells), cylindrical (e.g. skeletal muscle cells), multipolar (e.g. nerve cells) and
irregular (e.g. macrophages and melanophores).
 Cell number
Living organisms may consist of:
^ One cell only i.e. unicellular e.g. protozoa.
^ Mmany cells i.e. multicellular organisms e.g. human.
 The cell

Cytoplasm Nucleus

(Organelles (organoids Inclusions

Nuclear membrane- 1
Nuclear sap- 2
Membranous Non-membranous Nucleoli- 3
.org .org Chromatin- 4
stored- 1 network
Cell- 1 -1
food
secretory granules- 2
membrane
Mitochondria- 2 -Ribosomes
2
Microtubules colored pigments- 3
Endoplasmic -3 Centrioles -3
reticulum Crystals- 4
Golgi apparatus- 4
Lysosomes- 5
Microbodies -6
( (peroxisomes
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