Sep 09, 2005 CS477: Analog and Digital Communications 1

Signals, Fourier Series

Analog and Digital Communications
Autumn 2005-2006
Sep 09, 2005 CS477: Analog and Digital Communications 2
Review of Signals and Spectra
A generic sinusoidal signal

Phasor representation

Frequency domain representation
Rotating phasors
Frequency plots
Amplitude
Phase
v(t ) = A cos(w
0
t + );
v(t) = Acos(w
0
t + ) = <[Ae
j (w
0
t+)
]
w
0
= 2f
0
A
w
0
t +
f
0
f
0 f
f
0 f
A

A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

P
h
a
s
e

Sep 09, 2005 CS477: Analog and Digital Communications 3
Review of Signals and Spectra
Two sided spectra can be seen from

This represents two rotating phasors
Amplitude and phase spectrum (two sided)
v(t ) =
2
A
e
j
e
j w
0
t
+
2
A
e
j
e
j w
0
t
f
0
f
A=2
Amplitude
A=2
f
0
f
0
f

Phase
f
0

Sep 09, 2005 CS477: Analog and Digital Communications 4
Periodic Signals
A signal is periodic if there exists
such that
Smallest such is called fundamental
period
Any integer multiple of is also a period
x
p
(t )
x
p
(t ) = x
p
(t + T)
T
T
T
0
T
0
T
0
Sep 09, 2005 CS477: Analog and Digital Communications 5
Average signal and Power
Average signal


Average power


For periodic signals, limit goes away
hjx(t )j
2
i =
T
1
R
T=2
T=2
jx(t )j
2
dt
hx(t )i =
T
1
R
T=2
T=2
x(t )dt
lim
T ! 1
lim
T ! 1
Sep 09, 2005 CS477: Analog and Digital Communications 6
Fourier Series Representation
Projection of periodic signals onto basis
functions
Periodic signal is a weighted sum of these basis
functions
Exponentials are used as basis functions for
writing Fourier series
Any periodic signal can be expressed as a
sum of infinite number of exponentials (or
sinusoids for real signals)
Sep 09, 2005 CS477: Analog and Digital Communications 7
Fourier Series
v(t ) =
P
1
1
c
n
e
j 2nf
0
t
c
n
=
T
0
1
R
T
0
v(t )e
j 2nf
0
t
dt
c
0
=
T
0
1
R
T
0
v(t )dt = hv(t )i
f
0
=
T
0
1
(fundamental frequency)
Line spectra at frequencies that are integer
multiple of fundamental frequency
(Each term represents one frequency)
Sep 09, 2005 CS477: Analog and Digital Communications 8
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Sinc Function
sinc(x) =
x
sin x
Where does this appear?
Note the points where this
function becomes zero
T
1
R
T=2
T=2
e
j 2f t
dt =
j 2f T
1
(e
j f T
e
j f T
) =
f T
sinf T
= sinc(f T)
Sep 09, 2005 CS477: Analog and Digital Communications 9
Fourier Series: Example
c
n
=
T
0
1
R
T
0
v(t )e
j 2nf
0
t
dt
=
T
0
1
R
=2
=2
Ae
j 2nf
0
t
dt
=
j 2nf
0
T
0
A
(e
j nf
0

e
j nf
0

)
=
T
0
A

nf
0
sinnf
0

=
T
0
A
sinc(nf
0
)
2

T
0
T
0
A
v(t )
t
=
4
A
sinc(
4
n
) for =
4
T
0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
nf
0
=
4
n
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

n
o
r
m
a
l
i
z
e
d

b
y

A
/
4


Sep 09, 2005 CS477: Analog and Digital Communications 10
Sinusoidal Fourier Series
For real signals







and can be expressed in terms of
= c
0
+
P
n=1
1
(c
n
e
j 2nf
0
t
+ c

n
e
j 2nf
0
t
)
c
n
= c

n
v(t ) =
P
1
1
c
n
e
j 2nf
0
t
P
n= 1
1
jc
n
je
j (2nf
0
t+
6
c
n
)
= c
0
+ 2
P
n= 1
1
c
n
j j cos(2nf
0
t +
6
c
n
)
= a
0
+ 2
P
n= 1
1
[a
n
cos(2nf
0
t ) + b
n
sin(2nf
0
t )]
a
n
b
n
c
n
= c
0
+
P
n= 1
1
jc
n
je
j (2nf
0
t+
6
c
n
)
+