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Topic I .7. Pipelines:

Kinds, Structures, Construction and Testing
Definition: Pipes, transmitting water from the
intakes to the service (distributing) reservoirs.

Pipelines Kinds

I. According to the pressure
Pressurised (gravity, pumping)
Non-pressurised
Slightly pressurised
Combined

II. According to the branches
Single
Branch
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Pipelines Kinds
Pressurised pipelines
a - Pumping
. b - Gravity

B - water intakes
HP - service reservoir
C - pumping station
1 - pipeline
2 - dynamic water head line
3 - static head line
4 - air valves
5 - blow off valves
6 - relieve chambers
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Pipelines Kinds
Pressurised Gravity Pipeline

1 - blow off valves 3 - relieve chamber
2 - air valves 4 - water intake
5 - service (distributing) reservoir
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Pipelines Kinds
Single and Branch
Pipelines

a - single pipeline
, b - branch pipelines
- double pipeline
1 - water intakes
2 - pipelines
3 - distributing reservoirs
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Pipelines Structures
Pipeline Appurtenances
(Auxiliaries)

Valves
Stop (gate) valve
Air valve
Check valve

Chambers (Shafts)
Water relieve chamber
Air release/intake shaft
Blow off shaft

Other facilities
Invert siphons
Aqueducts (conduits)
Tunnels
Pipeline materials

Concrete pipes
Reinforced concrete pipes
Steel pipes
Cast iron pipes
Asbestos-cement pipes
Plastic pipes

Pipeline Foundation

Strait pipeline - bed and supports
Horizontal and vertical turns -
supports
Duff-end and branching supports
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Pipelines Structures

Air Valves (schemes)
1 - air inlet/release orifice 2 - float
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Pipeline Structures

Blow Off Shaft
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Pipeline Structures

Water Relieve Shaft
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Networks Structures

Forces Acting on the Pipelines

a - at horizontal curves , b - at vertical curves - at duff end
- at confussors/difussors e - at declined strait pipes - at T-fittings
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Pipeline Structures
Pipeline Supports
a - at horizontal curves
- at declined pipelines
b - at duff pipes
- at convex vertical curves
- at concave vertical
curves

1, 5 -concrete supporting block
2 - pipe
3 - concrete pillow
4 - insulation
6 - anchors
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Pipeline Structures
Axial Deformation Jack
a - Pipes without a flange 1 - gasket filling
- Pipes with a flange 2 - rubber gasket
3 - flanges
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Pipelines Construction
Pipeline Lay Out Requirements
Water intakes and service reservoirs to be connected in the shortest way
The pipeline permanent way must be laid out on uniform and not very
steep terrain
The pipeline permanent way must be laid out in parallel with or close to
roads
Crossing rivers, rail ways and roads must be avoid if possible
Weak soils should be avoid
Minimum ecological deterioration

Pipeline Construction
Pipeline trench digging
Pipes foundation
Pipes laying down
Pipeline trench filling up
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Pipelines Testing

I. Testing stages
First stage - before the trench filling up
Second stage - after the trench filling up
Third stage - pipeline disinfection

II. Kinds of tests
Test for strength - at working pressure
Test for permeability

III. Testing procedures for permeability
Pressurized pipelines with working pressure under 0,5 MPa -
at a pressure, two times higher than the working one
Pressurized pipelines with working pressure over 0,5 MPa -
at a pressure, exceeding the working one with 0,5 MPa, but not less than
the static head plus 0,2 Mpa