BIOLOGY

CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS

Fourth Edition
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Neil A. Campbell Jane B. Reece Lawrence G. Mitchell Martha R. Taylor
From PowerPoint

Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections

CHAPTER 22
Respiration: The Exchange of
Gases
Modules 22.1 22.4
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The air at the height of the worlds highest
peak, Mt. Everest, is very low in oxygen
Even expert mountain climbers do not always
survive the journey
Thin air can weaken
muscles, damage
the digestive system,
cloud the mind, and
sometimes fill the
lungs with blood
Surviving in Thin Air
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Geese have adaptations that allow them to fly
over the Himalayas
Their efficient lungs draw more oxygen from the
atmosphere
Their hemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen
They have a large
number of capillaries
to deliver this oxygen-
rich blood to tissues
and muscles
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Gas exchange is the interchange of O
2
and CO
2

between an organism and its environment
It is also called respiration
MECHANISMS OF GAS EXCHANGE
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Gas exchange is essential because energy
metabolism requires O
2
and produces CO
2

There are three phases of gas exchange
22.1 Overview: Gas exchange involves breathing,
the transport of gases, and the servicing of
tissue cells
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
O
2
enters an animal and CO
2
leaves by diffusion
through a respiratory surface
Respiratory surfaces are made up of living cells
22.2 Animals exchange O
2
and CO
2
through moist
body surfaces
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Some animals use their entire skin as a gas-
exchange organ
Example: earthworms
Figure 22.2A
Cut

Cross section
of respiratory
surface (the
skin covering
the body)

Capillaries

CO
2
O
2
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
In most animals, specialized body parts carry
out gas exchange
Gills in fish
Figure 22.2B
Capillaries
CO
2
O
2
Respiratory
surface
(gill)

Body surface

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The structure
of fish gills
Figure 22.3
Gill arch

Gill arch

Direction
of water
flow

Blood
vessels

Gill
filaments

Oxygen-poor
blood

Oxygen-rich
blood

Lamella

Water
flow

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Blood flows through the lamellae in a direction
opposite to water flow
This countercurrent
maintains a diffusion
gradient that
maximizes the
uptake of O
2
22.4 Countercurrent flow in the gills enhances O
2

transfer
Figure 22.4
Blood flow
through
lamellae

Water flow
over
lamellae

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Gills are extensions of the body that absorb O
2

dissolved in water
In fish, gill filaments bear numerous platelike
lamellae
Lamellae are packed with blood vessels
They are the respiratory surfaces
22.3 Gills are adapted for gas exchange in aquatic
environments
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 22.5A, C
Air sacs

Opening
for air

Tracheae

Body
cell

Tracheole

Air
sac

Trachea

Air

Body wall

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
In insects, a network of tracheal tubes carries
out gas exchange
O
2
diffuses from the finely branched tubes
directly into cells
Figure 22.5B
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Land animals exchange gases by breathing air
Air contains more O
2
and is easier to move than
water
But water loss from the respiratory surfaces can
be a problem
22.5 The tracheal system of insects provides direct
exchange between the air and body cells
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Tracheae in
insects
Lungs in land
vertebrates
Figure 22.2C, D
Body cells
(no capillaries)

CO
2
O
2
Respiratory
surface
(tracheae)

Body surface

Capillary

CO
2 O
2
Respiratory
surface
(within lung)

Body surface

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Other organisms, such as birds, have air sacs
These structures act as bellows that keep air
flowing through the lungs
However, they do not function directly in gas
exchange
Figure 22.8B
EXHALATION:
Air sacs empty; lungs fill

INHALATION:
Air sacs fill

Anterior
air sacs

Posterior
air sacs

Lungs

Trachea

Air

Lungs

Air
tubes
in lung

Air

1 mn

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
RESPIRATION IN AVES
ORGAN RESPIRATION IN BIRD
1 pair of nostril hole ( nares )
Tracheic slot (faring)
Trachea :have siring
Broncus ( branch of trachea)
1 pair of lung/ protect by pleura membran
Aided respiratory organ that is air sacs (sacus
pneumaticus


Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Air sacs in the bird
1 Air sacs in the neck (Saccus servicalis)
1 Air sacs inter clavicle bone (Saccus inter
clavicularis)
2 Air sacs in breast (Saccus toracalis
anterior/posterior)
2 air sacs in stomach (Saccus abdominalis)
2 air sacs in pit


Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The function of air sacs
Helping respiration when birds is flying
Hardening voice by enlarging gutter chamber
Holding body heat
Lightening body when flying