Bab 41 - Op Amp

CHAPTER 4
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
(PENGUAT KENDALIAN)
Ref:080114HKN Operational Amplifier 1
Op-Amp
Introduction of Operation Amplifier (Op-Amp)
Analysis of ideal Op-Amp applications
Comparison of ideal and non-ideal Op-Amp
Non-ideal Op-Amp consideration

Pengenalan
Menguatlan voltan DC dan AC.

Mempunyai gandaan yang tinggi.

Cip silikon terdiri daripada komponen seperti
perintang, pemuat dan transistor.
Binaan Op-Amp
DIP Dual In Line
Simbol Op-Amp
OP AMP Properties
An ideal opamp has the following
properties:

i. infinite open-loop gain
ii. infinite bandwidth
iii. zero input current
iv. zero output impedance
v. zero offset voltage
Isyarat masukan menyongsang
(inverting)
Isyarat masukan tak menyongsang
(noninverting)
Jenis Op-Amp dan kegunaan
Kegunaan Umum
- Mempunyai bidang ruang dari 0Hz 1Mhz
-Contoh: 709, 101, 741, 301

Kegunaan DC dan prestasi rendah
- Mempunyai galangan masukan yang sangat tinggi
- Voltan offset masukan rendah
-Contoh: H0052, 108

Kegunaan AC dan prestasi tinggi
- Mempunyai bidang ruang yang lebar
- Contoh: H0063
Jenis Op-Amp dan kegunaan
Untuk kuasa dan voltan tinggi
-Menggunakan satu talian bekalan kuasa dan boleh memacu
beban secara terus.
-Contoh: H0004, H0021, M124

Boleh diprogram
- Penguat kendalian khas yang boleh diprogram
- Contoh: 4250
Aplikasi Op-Amp
Sebagai litar senilai komputer analog yang boleh melaksanakan fungsi
Pencampur, pendarab, pembahagi, pengkamil dan pengkerbedaan.

Penjana gelombang
-Diguna pada Wein Bridge Oscillator bagi menjana gelombang sain.
-Mengguna litar-litar pengkamil dan pengkerbedaan untuk
menghasilkan gelombang berbentuk segiempat dan segitiga.

Penapis aktif RC
- Menapis isyarat iaitu membenarkan isyarat pada frekeunsi tertentu
saja melaluinya.

Penganda kepada isyarat-isyarat
- Menguatkan isyarat audio/video/radio frekeunsi
- Menguatkan isyarat digit yang dihantar melalui jarak jauh.
Kadaran maksimum Op-Amp
Penguat kendalian akan rosak sekiranya kadaran maksima yang
berikut dilepasi (exceeded)

Kuasa pelepasan maksima 310mW
Julat suhu kendalian 0
o
C hingga 70
o
C
Bekalan Voltan maksima 18 volt
Voltan masukan pembezaan maksima iaitu antara terminal 30V.
Voltan masukan mod sepunya maksima 12V, pada bekalan kuasa
15V.
Julat suhu simpanan 55
o
C hingga 125
o
C
Perbandingan ciri unggul dan ciri
sebenar Op-Amp
Kebaikan Op-Amp
Saiz yang kecil
Keboleharapan yang tinggi
Harga yang murah
Boleh bekerja pada julat suhu yang rendah
Voltan dan arus offset yang rendah.
Mengganda dan menguatkan isyarat
Sebagai litar senilai untuk komputer analog
contoh : pencampur , pembahagi, pengkamil, pengkerbeda.
Penjana gelombang isyarat
Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp)
Very high differential gain
High input impedance
Low output impedance
Provide voltage changes
(amplitude and polarity)
Used in oscillator, filter
and instrumentation
Accumulate a very high
gain by multiple stages

Vd
+
Vo
Rin~inf Rout~0
Input 1
Input 2
Output
+Vcc
-Vcc
d d o
V G V =
5
10 say large, y ver
normally gain al differenti :
d
G
IC Product
+
1
2
3
4
8
7
6
5
OFFSET
NULL
-IN
+IN
V
N.C.
V+
OUTPUT
OFFSET
NULL
+
1
2
3
4
8
7
6
5
OUTPUT A
-IN A
+IN A
V
V+
OUTPUT B
-IN B
+IN B
+
DIP-741 Dual op-amp 1458 device

Single-Ended Input
+
Vo
~
Vi
+
Vo
~
Vi
+ terminal : Source
terminal : Ground
0
o
phase change
+ terminal : Ground
terminal : Source
180
o
phase change

Double-Ended Input
~
V1
+
Vo
~
V2
+
Vo
~
Vd
Differential input

0
o
phase shift change
between V
o
and V
d

+
= V V V
d
Qu: What V
o
should be if,
V1
V2
(A)
(B)
Ans: (A or B) ?
Distortion
Vd
+
Vo
+Vcc=+5V
Vcc=5V
0
+5V
5V
The output voltage never excess the DC
voltage supply of the Op-Amp
Common-Mode Operation
+
Vo
Vi
~
Same voltage source is applied
at both terminals
Ideally, two input are equally
amplified
Output voltage is ideally zero
due to differential voltage is
zero
Practically, a small output
signal can still be measured

Note for differential circuits:
Opposite inputs : highly amplified
Common inputs : slightly amplified
Common-Mode Rejection
Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)
Differential voltage input :
+
= V V V
d
Common voltage input :
) (
2
1
+
+ = V V V
c
Output voltage :
c c d d o
V A V A V + =
A
d
: Differential gain
A
c
: Common mode gain
) dB ( log 20 CMRR
10
c
d
c
d
A
A
A
A
= =
Common-mode rejection ratio:
Note:
When A
d
>> A
c
or CMRR
V
o
= A
d
V
d

+
Noninverting
Input
Inverting
Input
Output
CMRR Example
What is the CMRR?
Solution :
dB 40 ) 10 / 1000 log( 20 CMRR 10 and 1000
V 60700 70 60 (2) From
V 80600 60 80 (1) From
V 70
2
40 100
V 60
2
20 100
V 60 40 100 V 80 20 100
2 1
2 1
= = = =
= + =
= + =
=
+
= =
+
=
= = = =
c d
c d o
c d o
c c
d d
A A
A A V
A A V
V V
V V
+
100V
20V
80600V
+
100V
40V
60700V
NB: This method is Not work! Why?
(1)
(2)
Op-Amp Properties
(1) Infinite Open Loop gain
- The gain without feedback
- Equal to differential gain
- Zero common-mode gain
- Pratically, G
d
= 20,000 to 200,000
(2) Infinite Input impedance
- Input current i
i
~0A
- T-O in high-grade op-amp
- m-A input current in low-grade op-amp
(3) Zero Output Impedance
- act as perfect internal voltage source
- No internal resistance
- Output impedance in series with load
- Reducing output voltage to the load
- Practically, R
out
~ 20-100 O
+
V1
V2
Vo
+
Vo
i1~0
i2~0
+
Rout
Vo'
Rload
out load
load
o load
R R
R
V V
+
'
=
Frequency-Gain Relation
Ideally, signals are amplified
from DC to the highest AC
frequency
Practically, bandwidth is limited
741 family op-amp have an limit
bandwidth of few KHz.
Unity Gain frequency f
1
: the
gain at unity
Cutoff frequency f
c
: the gain
drop by 3dB from dc gain A
d
(Voltage Gain)
(frequency)
f1
Gd
0.707Gd
fc
0
1
GB Product : f
1
=A
d
f
c
20log(0.707)=3dB
GB Product
Example: Determine the cutoff frequency of an op-amp
having a unit gain frequency f1 = 10 MHz and voltage
differential gain A
d
= 20V/mV

Sol:
Since f
1
= 10 MHz
By using GB production equation
f
1
= A
d
f
c
f
c
= f
1
/ A
d
= 10 MHz / 20 V/mV
= 10 10
6
/ 20 10
3
= 500 Hz
(Voltage Gain)
(frequency)
f1
Gd
0.707Gd
fc
0
1
10MHz
? Hz
Ideal Vs Practical Op-Amp
Ideal Practical
Open Loop gain A

10
5
Bandwidth BW
10-100Hz
Input Impedance Z
in
>1MO
Output Impedance Z
out
0 O 10-100 O
Output Voltage V
out
Depends only
on V
d
= (V
+
V
)
Differential
mode signal
Depends slightly
on average input
V
c
= (V
+
+V
)/2
Common-Mode
signal
CMRR
10-100dB
+
~
AVin
Vin Vout
Zout=0
I deal op-amp
+
AVin
Vin
Vout
Zout
~
Zin
Practical op-amp
Ideal Op-Amp Applications
Analysis Method :

Two ideal Op-Amp Properties:
(1) The voltage between V
+
and V
is zero V
+
= V

(2) The current into both V
+
and V
termainals is zero

For ideal Op-Amp circuit:
(1) Write the kirchhoff node equation at the
noninverting terminal V
+

(2) Write the kirchhoff node eqaution at the inverting
terminal V

(3) Set V
+
= V

and solve for the desired closed-loop gain
1. Noninverting Amplifier
(1) Kirchhoff node equation at V
+

yields,


yields,

(3) Setting V
+
= V
yields

or
+
Vin
Vo
Ra
Rf
i
V V =
+
0
0
=

f
o
a
R
V V
R
V
0 =
+
f
o i
a
i
R
V V
R
V
a
f
i
o
R
R
V
V
+ =1
+
vi
Ra
vo
v-
v+
Rf
+
vi
Ra
vo
v-
v+
Rf
R2
R1
+
vi
vo
v-
v+
Rf
+
vi
vo
v-
v+
Rf
R2
R1
Noninverting amplifier
Noninverting input with voltage divider
i
a
f
o
v
R R
R
R
R
v ) )( 1 (
2 1
2
+
+ =
Voltage follower
i o
v v =
i
a
f
o
v
R
R
v ) 1 ( + =
Less than unity gain
i o
v
R R
R
v
2 1
2
+
=
2. Inverting Amplifier
How it work :

1. Differential input voltge (V
diff
) is virtually zero, so
the ve input terminal voltage (V
i
) is at virtual ground
potential.

2. Input current (I
i
) is virtually zero.
Inverting Amplifier
+

yields,


yields,

(3) Setting V
+
= V
yields

0 =
+
V
0
_
=

f
o
a
in
R
V V
R
V V
a
f
in
o
R
R
V
V

=
Notice: The closed-loop gain V
o
/V
in
is
dependent upon the ratio of two resistors,
and is independent of the open-loop gain.
This is caused by the use of feedback output
voltage to subtract from the input voltage.
+
~
Rf
Ra
Vin
Vo
Output Offset
Output offset voltage is the
output of an operational
amplifier when the two inputs
are shorted together (and often
tied to ground).

Its used to minimize the offset
voltage error due to bias current
and the offset voltage at the
amplifier output and closed-loop
gain times the offset voltage at
the amplifier input will be equal.
R
3
= R
1
// R
2

Inverting Amplifier with
Noninverting Input Positive
V
A
= V
B
= 6V
B

A
Output Saturation
3. Multiple Inputs (Summing)
+

yields,


yields,

(3) Setting V
+
= V
yields

0 =
+
V
0
_
=

c
c
b
b
a
a
f
o
R
V V
R
V V
R
V V
R
V V
=
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + =
c
a j
j
j
f
c
c
b
b
a
a
f o
R
V
R
R
V
R
V
R
V
R V
+
Rf
Va
Vo
Rb
Ra
Rc
Vb
Vc
Other circuit
R4 = R1 // R2 // R3
4. Inverting Integrator
Now replace resistors R
a
and R
f
by complex
components Z
a
and Z
f
, respectively, therefore

Supposing
(i) The feedback component is a capacitor C,
i.e.,

(ii) The input component is a resistor R, Z
a
= R
Therefore, the closed-loop gain (V
o
/V
in
) become:

where
What happens if Z
a
= 1/jeC whereas, Z
f
= R?
Inverting differentiator
in
a
f
o
V
Z
Z
V

=
C j
Z
f
e
1
=
}
= dt t v
RC
t v
i o
) (
1
) (
t j
i i
e V t v
e
= ) (
+
~
Zf
Za
Vin
Vo
+
~
R
Vin
Vo
C
4. Voltage Follower
The unique noninverting
amplifier.

The output connected directly
to its inverting input.

The gain is always 1.
V
out
= V
in
Z
in
=
5. Op-Amp Integrator
The integrator is mostly used in analog computers,
analog-to-digital converters and wave-shaping circuits.

Integrator (and inverts) the input signal V
in
(t) over a
time interval t, t
0
< t < t
1
, yielding an output voltage at
time t = t
1

Op-Amp Integrator
Example:

(a) Determine the rate of change
of the output voltage.

(b) Draw the output waveform.
Solution:
+
R
Vo
Vi
0
+5V
10 kO
0.01F
C
Vo(max)=10 V
100s
(a) Rate of change of the output voltage
s mV/
F k
V

50
) 01 . 0 )( 10 (
5
=
O
= =
A
A
RC
V
t
V
i o
(b) In 100 s, the voltage decrease
V s s mV/ 5 ) 100 )( 50 ( = = A
o
V
0
+5V
0
-5V
-10V
Vi
Vo
6. Op-Amp Differentiator
2. The charge on the capacitor equals Capacitance x Voltage across the capacitor
1. I flowing through the capacitor will be given as
3. The rate of change of this charge is
4. but dQ/dt is the capacitor current I
5. from which we have an ideal voltage
output for the op-amp differentiator is
given as:
Op-Amp Differentiator
RC
dt
dV
v
i
o
|
.
|
\
|
=
+
R
C
Vo
Vi
0
to t1 t2
0
to t1 t2
Op-Amp Differentiator
Example:
Calculate Vout in figure below where Vin is ramp input that
goes from -5 V to -5V in 50us.

Solution:
Vout = -(Rf.C) x dVin/dt
= -(2.2k)(0.001u) x 10/50u
= -0.44V
Compare Integrator and Differetiator
Non-ideal case (Inverting Amplifier)
+
~
Rf
Ra
Vin
Vo
3 categories are considering

i) Close-Loop Voltage Gain
ii) Input impedance
iii) Output impedance

Equivalent Circuit
Rf
Ra
Vin
Vo
+
Rt
Ro
Vt
-AVt
+
AVin
Vin
Vout
Zout
~
Zin
Practical op-amp
i) Close-Loop Gain
Rf
Ra
Vin
Vo
+
Rt
Ro
-AVt
Ra
Rf
Rt
Vt
Vt
Vin
Vo
Applied KCL at V terminal,

0 =
f
o
a
in
R
V V
R
V
R
V V
t
t
t t
By using the open loop gain,
t
AV V
o
=
0 = + + + +
f
o
f
o o
a
o
a
in
AR
V
R
V
AR
V
AR
V
R
V
t

f a
a a f a f
o
a
in
R R AR
R AR R R R R R R
V
R
V
t
t t t
+ + +
=
The Close-Loop Gain, A
v
t t t
t
R AR R R R R R R
R AR
V
V
A
a a f a f
f
in
o
v
+ + +

= =
Close-Loop Gain
When the open loop gain is very large, the above equation become,
a
f
v
R
R
A

~
Note : The close-loop gain now reduce to the same form
as an ideal case
ii) Input Impedance
Rf
Ra
Vin
Vo
+
Ro
-AVt
R'
Rt
Vt
Rf
+
Ro
-AVt
if
Vt
Input Impedance can be regarded as,
R R R R
a in
'
+ = //
t
where R' is the equivalent impedance
of the red box circuit, that is
f
i
V
R
t
=
'
However, with the below circuit,
A
R R
i
V
R
R R i AV V
o f
f
o f f
+
+
= =
'
+ =
1
) ( ) (
t
t t
Input Impedance
Finally, we find the input impedance as,
1
1 1

(
(
+
+
+ + =
o f
a in
R R
A
R
R R
t
t
t
R A R R
R R R
R R
o f
o f
a in
) 1 (
) (
+ + +
+
+ =
Since,
t
R A R R
o f
) 1 ( + << + , R
in
become,
) 1 (
) (
~
A
R R
R R
o f
a in
+
+
+
Again with
) 1 ( A R R
o f
+ << +
a in
R R ~
Note: The op-amp can provide an impedance isolated from
input to output
iii) Output Impedance
Only source-free output impedance would be considered,
i.e. V
i
is assumed to be 0
Rf
Ra
Vo
+
Ro
-AVt
Rt
Vt
io
Vt
Vo
Rf
Ra
Rt
+
Ro
-AVt
Vo
i2 i1
(a) (b)
Firstly, with figure (a),
o
f a f a
a
o
a f
a
V
R R R R R R
R R
V V
R R R
R R
V
t t
t
t
t
t
t
+ +
=
+
=
//
//
By using KCL, i
o
= i
1
+ i
2
o
o
f a f
o
o
R
AV V
R R R
V
i
) (
//
t

+
+
=
By substitute the equation from Fig. (a),
t t t
t t
R R A R R R R R R R
R R R R R R R
i
V
R
a f a f a o
f a f a o
o
o
out
) 1 ( ) )( 1 (
) (
is impedance, output The
+ + + + +
+ +
=
R
t
and A comparably large,
a
f a o
out
AR
R R R
R
) (
~
+

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CHAPTER 4

DIP-741 Dual op-amp 1458 device

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