RISKS AND HAZARDS AT

WORKPLACE AND HOW TO

IMPROVE THE SAFETY AT
THE WORKPLACE
INTRODUCTION
Technology is very important nowadays and it is easily
accessed. The development in technology is from research
and hard work of people in industry. However the fast pace
development has resulted in increase in occurrence of
accidents.
Accidents are bound to happen, one way or another. But
we can minimize the chance of it happening especially in high
risk engineering work. This is to ensure the safety of the
industrial workers and environment around that workplace.
Every person must be responsible no only to themselves but
also their coworkers safety.

Objectives
Evaluate the main causes of hazard
Spread the importance of reducing the risk of
hazard and accidents
Provide knowledge to ensure health and safety of
the industrial workers


Introduction Of Chernobyl Accident
Happened on April 1986 in Ukraine
An explosion of a nuclear power plant
Releasing large amount of radioactive particle
to atmosphere
The worst nuclear power plant accident to
date
Consequence of Cold War isolation and lack of
safety culture

Location Of Chernobyl
Located near the border of Ukraine, Russia and Belarus
Sequence of events
Operators are conducting special test to prove
the reactor can provide sufficient cooling
water even if complete power loss occurred or
shut down during maintenance
The engineers who designed the test were
specialist in electric generators, not in
nuclear reactor
Only little consultation with nuclear reactor
specialist during procedure preparation
The plant power grid needed the electric longer than expected
before test is conducted up until new shift of operators take over
The new shift was not very familiar with the test and did not get
a complete briefing by off-going shift operators
The deputy chief engineer of plant (Anatoli Dyatlov) has lack of
experience and not familiar with test protocol.
Even so , operators must obey order from the inexperienced
engineer or else they will get in trouble (conflict of interest)
One of the operator (Akimov) pushed emergency shutdown
button under the order of engineer
Unfortunately , that caused the increase in core temperature and
later on increase in core activity.
The increase in activity cause steam explosion in the reactor.
In short, the cause of chernobyl reactor explosion and release of
radioactive material was a system shutdown that started a
positive reactivity accident

The consequences related to the accident
in all aspects (The effects)
Spread of radioactive substances
- 400x more than Hiroshima bombing
- the disaster relased1/100 to 1/1000 amount
of total radioactive released by nuclear
weapon testing in 1950s and 1960s.
- 100 000 km land contaminated with fallout
-Over 1 million people affected by radiation

Health of workers and local people
- 237 emergency workers suffered with ARS,
28 died within first few months after disaster
Residual radioactivity in the environment
(lake, river and reservoirs)
- The reactor contaminated nearby Pripyat
River that supplied water to Kievs 2.4 million
residents
The consequences related to the
accident in all aspects (The effects)
The consequences related to the
accident in all aspects (The effects)
Groundwater
- Radio nuclides such as radio cesium and
radio strontium were absorbed by surface soil
transfer to groundwater
The consequences related to the
accident in all aspects (The effects)
Flora & Fauna
- 4km of pine forest downwind of reactor turned
reddish-brown and died, earning the name Red
Forrest
- Some animal died or stopped reproducing.
- Those survived are affected with thyroid
damage.
- some sheep contaminated after grazing on fungi
that are affected with radioactive such as
caesium-137 isotopes.
The consequences related to the
accident in all aspects (The effects)
Human Impact
- 28 workers died from acute radiation
syndrome
- 15 patients died of thyroid cancer in
following year
- it is estimated that cancer death caused by
chernobyl may reach total of 4000 among 5mil
people reside in contaminated areas.
The consequences related to the
accident in all aspects (The effects)
Examples of people affected by the radiation
RISKS AND LESS SAFETY INVOLVED IN
CHERNOBYL CASE:
workers , engineers and the people around Chernobyl
nuclear are affected by spread of radioactive
substances.(this is the main reason related to our topic).
The accident spread radiations throughout Europe and
some countries around the world
Engineers in plant has lack in liability(safety culture) and
also as professional and ethical engineer
The engineers who design the plant were not specialist
in nuclear engineering fields
Uncooperative work where different shifts of operators
were not known of the shutdown of plant.
The impact of incident to environment and surrounding
was not taken seriously by plant operators, mainly
engineers
Suggestions To Improve Safety At
Workplace
New workers should learn about a sites commitment to safety
during the orientation process
Communicate the importance of safety through effective
communication plans
Train, train and train again. People need to hear information
multiple times and in different ways to make behavioral changes
Make it as easy as possible for workers to find information. Create
a safety portal on your workplaces intranet.
Supervisors who observe and compliment workers who behave
safely accomplish more than just safety meetings.
Offer worker safety incentive programs. These can be can be a fun
and effective way to reinforce an established safety plan.

Survey Result
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Aware of
importance of
safety and health
issues
Aware of
difference
between safety
and health
Is safety more
important thant
health?
NO
MAYBE
YES
57% respondent the importance of safety and health issue, 19%
maybe know, while 24% dont know about the importance.
62% agree safety is more important than health, however 24%
doesnt agree
0% 50% 100%
Compounding authorities that involved in
corruption
compounding a guilt health and safety
officer will improve the safety environment
Training of safety measures on workers will
improve the safety environment
Compounding authorities
that involved in corruption
compounding a guilt health
and safety officer will
improve the safety
environment
Training of safety measures
on workers will improve the
safety environment
Strongly Agree 14 22 24
Agree 30 35 53
Neutral 46 37 20
Disagree 10 3 3
Strongly Disagree 0 3 0
most of the respondents agrees that training is needed for workers to improve
the safety environment
57% of the respondents agreed that compounding a guilt safety and health
. 44% of the respondents agreed that compounding the guilt will improve the
safety environment, while 46% chose to be neutral and 10% disagreeed.
Most of the respondents agreed training of safety measures implemented on
workers will drastically improve the safety environment

41%
8%
19%
0%
32%
0%
Main reasons accidents do happen in
construction
Lack of skilled Workers
Unmaintained machineries
Safety officers unconcern
attitude
Type of construction that takes
place
Lack of safety awareness in
workers and employees
Others
Majority of the respondents agree that most accidents is caused by
lack of skilled workers
This is followed by lack of safety awareness in workers and
employees
no respondents agree that type of construction is a factor of
accidents happens in construction
8% respondent this Unmaintained machineries is the cause while
Unmaintained machineries contributed only 8% of respondents
Engineers
11%
Employee
6%
Health and safety
officer
45%
Worker
33%
Others
5%
Who shall be blamed if at the end of the
day when an accident occurs
majority of respondent (45%) agrees Health and safety officer are to
be blamed.
33% thinks it is the fault of the workers themselves
11% of the respondents thinks that the engineers are supposed to be
blamed
. 6% chose to blame the employee while 5% thinks there are
somebody else should be blamed
16%
48%
36%
0%
Best way to inherit importance of safety
among the workers and employees
From the internet
Undergo safety training
Attend safety talks
Others
Majority of respondents (48%) think that undergoing safety
training is the best way to expose the importance of safety
36% agrees that importance of safety can be learned by
attending safety talks
Only 16% chose internet as an option to know the importance of
safety.
3%
47%
34%
16%
Ways to improve safety and health awareness
in public
Proper safety and health management Have a mindset of safety first
A well disiplined safety officer Undergo a proper training
46% of respondents choose to have mindset of safety first in order to improve
safety and health awareness
34% chose a well-disciplined safety officer because a disciplined safety officer will
definitely takes safety as a serious issue
Another 16% chose undergo proper training where workers will be exposed to the
consequences of lack of discipline that might lead to accidents
Only 3% chose proper safety and health management
Conclusion