Normal habitat

Soil
Water
Air
Milk
Food
animals
Normal flora
Skin
Nose
Nasopharynx
Mouth
Intestinal tract
Genitals
Genito- urinary tract
APPENDAGES
FLAGELLA and Bacterial
Movement
FLAGELLA and Bacterial
Movement
FLAGELLA and Bacterial
Movement
FLAGELLA and Bacterial
Movement
INTERNAL FLAGELLA:
Spirochetes
FIMBRIAE: Bacterial
Attachment
FIMBRIAE: Bacterial
Attachment
PILI: Bacterial Attachment
and Mating
Bacterial structures
Capsule
Cell wall
Cell membrane
 Selective permeability
 Electron transport
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
 Sulfur granules
 Metachromatic granules
Spore
Central
Terminal
subterminal
CELL ENVELOPE LAYERS
CELL ENVELOPE LAYERS
Glycocalyx
Slime Layer Capsule
CELL WALL:
Gram Positive Versus Gram
Negative
CELL WALL:
Gram Positive Versus Gram
Negative
CELL WALL:
Gram Positive
CELL WALL:
Gram Positive
GRAM STAIN
CELL WALL: Acid Fast
Cell Wall
L-FORMS
Wall-deficient bacteria due to
mutations in wall-forming genes
Chemical or medical means of cell wall
disruption
L forms:
GRAM POSITIVE  PROTOPLAST
GRAM NEGATIVE  SPHEROPLAST (still with
outer membrane)
CELL MEMBRANE
LIPID BILAYER with proteins embedded at
various degrees
MESOSOMES: internal folds in the cytoplasm
found in the cell membrane of bacteria
More PROMINENT in GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA
Increase surface area for membrane activity
CELL MEMBRANE
FUNCTIONS
ENERGY REACTIONS
NUTRIENT PROCESSING
NUTRIENT SYNTHESIS
REGULATE TRANSPORT
Involved in SECRETION
Cytoplasm
70-80% Water
Cell Pool
Sugars
Amino Acids
Salts
Contains
Chromatin Body
Ribosomes
Mesosomes
Granules
Granules/Inclusion Bodies
Storage bodies
Noted during periods
of nutrient
abundance
THE BACTERIAL
ENDOSPORE
Dormant bodies
produced by Bacillus
and Clostridium
Bacteria undergo
sporulation during
exposure to harsh
conditions
BACTERIAL ENDOSPORE
Bacillus endospore Clostridium endospore
Ribosomes
Combination of
ribosomal RNA and
protein
Sites of protein
synthesis
Ribosomes and Protein
Synthesis
Bacterial Chromosomes:
NUCLEOID
Contains the
hereditary material
of bacteria
Is not enclosed in a
membrane
Aggregated as the
NUCLEOID
NUCLEOID
Bacterial Shapes
Coccus: spherical or ball-shaped
Bacillus: rod- or cylinder-shaped
Coccobacillus: A short and plump rod
Vibrio: a gently curved rod
Spirillum: curviform or spiral-shaped cylinder

PLEOMORPHISM: VARIATION IN SHAPE AND

SIZE AMONG CELLS OF THE SAME SPECIES
BACTERIAL SHAPES
BACTERIAL
ARRANGEMENTS
Bacteria may exist in
Pairs
Tetrads
Cubical Clusters: Sarcina
Irregular Clusters
Chains
BACTERIAL
ARRANGEMENTS
Introduction to Medically
Important Bacterial Genera
GENERA DISEASE STATE

GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA

Staphylococcus Boils and skin infections

Streptococcus Strep throat, dental carries

Bacillus Anthrax

Clostridium Tetanus, botulism, gas gangrene

Proprionibacterium Acne

Corynebacterium Diptheria

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, leprosy

Introduction to Medically
Important Bacterial Genera
GENERA DISEASE STATE

GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA

Neisseria Gonorrhea, meningitis

Brucella Undulant fever

Bordetella Whooping cough/pertusis

Pseudomonas Pneumonia, burn infection

Salmonella Typhoid

Shigella Dysentery

Vibrio Cholera
Introduction to Medically
Important Bacterial Genera
GENERA DISEASE STATE

GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA

Escherichia Infectious Diarrhea, Urinary Tract

Infection
Haemophilus Meningitis

Treponema Syphilis

Leptospira Leptospirosis

Chlamydia Sexually transmitted infection

Mycoplasma Pneumonia

Ureaplasma Urinary infection

BASICS OF MICROBIAL GENETICS:
CENTRAL DOGMA OF MOLECULAR
BIOLOGY
Replication
Occur spontaneously
on the 2 strands of
circular DNA
Preserves 1 Parent
Strand in the Double-
Stranded DNA: SEMI-
CONSERVATIVE
MODE OF
REPLICATION
ENZYME: DNA
Polymerase
TRANSCRIPTION
Conversion of DNA
code to RNA code for
later processing to
form proteins
mRNA: RNA
molecule carrying
the code for protein
formation
TRANSLATION
Process by which mRNA is translated to form
polypeptides
COMPONENTS:
mRNA: contains the genetic code
tRNA: carries individual amino acids to be
added to growing peptide chain
Ribosome (with rRNA): site of protein synthesis
TRANSLATION
SUMMARY OF THE CENTRAL
DOGMA