Host microbe relationship

Terms to remember
 Host- any organism that harbors
another organism
 Symbiosis- association between two
or more species ( living together )
 Mutualism
 Commensalism
 Parasitism
 Contamination- presence of
microorganism
 Infection- refers to the multiplication
of any parasitic organism within or
on the host’s body.
 Infestation- refers to the presence of
larger parasites in the body such as
worms and arthropods
 Disease- disturbance in the state
of health wherein the body cannot
carry out its normal function.
 Pathogenicity- capacity to produce
disease
 Virulence- intensity of the disease
produced by pathogen
Factor affecting virulence
factors
 Animal passage- rapid transfer of
pathogen through animals of a
species susceptible to infection by
that pathogen
Virulence can be
decreased by
 Attenuation- weakening of the disease
producing ability of the organism, can
be achieved by repeated subculturing
on laboratory media
 Transposal of virulence- pathogen is
passed from its normal host to a new
host species and then passed
sequentially through many individual of
the new host species.
Normal flora ( microflora )
 Resident microflora- microbes that
are always present on or in the
human body
 Transient microflora- organism
that can be present under certain
condition in or any location where
resident microflora are found
 Opprtunist- takes advantage of particular
opportunities to cause disease that
includes:
 Failure of the host’s normal defense, AKA
immunocompremised
 Introduction of the organism into unusually
body site
 Disturbances in the normal microflora, or
competition against another pathogen known
as microbial antagonist.
Kinds of disease
 Infectious disease- caused by
infectious agent
 Non infectious disease- caused by
any factor other than infectious
disease
Classification of disease
 Inherited disease- caused by errors in
genetic information, abnormalities in the
distribution and number of chromosomes.
Ex. Sickle cell anemia
 Congenital disease- structural and functional
defects present at birth caused by drugs, x-
ray or certain infections ex. Effect of
German measles
 Degenerative disease- disorders that
develops in one or more body system as
aging occurs ex. Emphysema leads to
bacterial infection
 Nutritional deficiency disease- lower
resistance to infectious disease and
contribute to the severity of infections ex.
Corynebacterium diptheriae
 Endocrine diseases- due to
excessive or deficiency in
hormones ex. Viral infection linked
to pancreatic damage that leads to
IDDM
 Mental disease- caused by
emotional, or psychogenic in
nature or certain infections
 Immunological disease- allergies,
autoimmune disease and
immunodeficiencies that is caused by
malfunction of the immune system ex.
AIDS.
 Neoplastic diseases- abnormal cell growth
that leads to the formation of various types
of generally harmless or cancerous growths
or tumor. Ex. Papilloma virus
 Iatrogenic disease- caused by
medical procedure or treatment
ex. Surgical error, drug reaction,
and infections acquired from
hospital treatment.
 Idiopathic disease- diseases whose
cause is unknown.
Communicable/non
Communicable disease
 Communicable- contagious disease
 Non communicable- not spread
from one host to the other. May
result from
 Individual’s normal microflora
 Poisoning following ingestion of
preformed toxin
 Infections caused by certain organism
Actions of bacteria
 Adherence- adhesins are protein or
glycoprotein found on pili
 Colonization- growth of
microorganism on epithelial surface
such as skin or mucous surface
 Invasiveness- ability to invade and
grow on host tissues
Virulence factor
 Hyaluronidase- spreading factor,
dissolves hyaluronic acid that holds
cells and certain tissue together
allowing bacteria to pass between cells.
 Coagulase- enzyme that accelerate the
clotting of blood, keeps organism from
spreading and wall off immune system
 Streptokinase- dissolves the clot to free
themselves to spread from other tissue
Bacterial toxin
 Exotoxin- soluble substances secrete into
host tissue
 Endotoxin- part of the cell wall and are
released into the host tissue
 Hemolysins- lyze or rupture red blood cell
 Alpha
 Beta
 gamma
 Leukocidin- exotoxin that destroys WBC
 Leukostatin- interferes with the ability of the
WBC to engulf microorganism
 Neurotoxin- botulism and tetanus are exotoxin
that acts on the nervous system to prevent
muscle contraction.
 Enterotoxin- acts on tissue on GUT
Signs, Symptoms, and
Syndrome
 Sign- characteristic observed from the
patient ex.swelling, redness, rashes,
cough, pus formation, runny nose, fever
 Symptoms- characteristics observed or
felt by the patient ex pain, shortness of
breath, nausea sore throat
 Syndrome- combination of sign and
syndrome
 Sequelae- after effect of bacteria after
recovery
 Acute- develops rapidly
 Chronic- develops slowly
 Subacute- intermediate between acute
and chronic
 Latent infection- periods of inactivity
either before signs and symptoms
 Local infection- confined to a specific
area of the body
 Focal infection- confined to a specific
area but their toxin spreads to other area
 Systemic infection- affects most of the
body
 Septicemia- blood poisoning, bacteria
and multiplying
 Bacteremia- presence of bacteria
but not multiplying
 Viremia- presence of virus but not
multiplying
 Primary infection- initial infection
in a previously healthy person
 Secondary infection- follows
primary infection
 Superinfection- secondary infection that
results from the destruction of normal
microflora and often follows the use of
broad spectrum antibiotics
 Mixed infection- caused by several species
or organism
 Inapparent/subclinical infection- one that
fails to produce the full range of signs and
symptoms either because of few organism
or host defenses are working effectively
Stages of infectious
disease
 Incubation period- time between
infection and the appearance of
signs and symptoms
 Prodomal phase- short period
during which nonspecific, often
mild, symptoms as malaise and
headache appear
 Invasive stage- period during
which the individual experiences
the typical signs and symptoms of
the disease
 Acme- signs and symptoms reach
their greatest intensity
 Fulminating- sudden and severe
 Decline phase- the symptoms
begins to subside
 Convalescence period- tissue is
repaired, healing takes place, body
regains strength
Control of Infectious
Disease
 Drugs

 Immunization

 Sanitization

 Future Challenges