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Load Flow by Newton Raphson Method
Load Flow by Newton Raphson Method
(1)
=
(0)
+
(0)
Step-6: Check if all the mismatches are below a small number. Terminate the
process if yes. Otherwise go back to step-1 to start the next iteration with the
updates given by (4.36) and (4.37).
(4.37)
(4.36)
|V|
(1)
= |V|
(0)
1 +
|V|
(0)
|V|
(0)
Formation of the Jacobian Matrix
We shall now discuss the formation of the submatrices of the Jacobian
matrix. To do that we shall use the real and reactive power equations of
(4.6) and (4.7). Let us rewrite them with the help of (4.2) as
P
i
= V
2
G
ii
+
=1
cos(
ik
+
k
) ; k i (4.38)
Q
i
= V
2
B
ii
+
=1
sin(
ik
+
k
) ; k i (4.39)
22
2
11
=
A. Formation of J
11
Let us define J
11
as
(4.40)
It can be seen from (4.32) that L
ik
's are the partial derivatives of P
i
with respect
to
k
. The derivative P
i
(4.38) with respect to k for i k is given by
sin(
ik
+
k
) ; k i
Similarly the derivative P
i
with respect to k for i = k is given by
(4.41)
=1
sin(
ik
+
k
) ; k i
Comparing the above equation with (4.39) we can write
=
i
V
2
B
ii
(4.42)
B. Formation of J
21
Let us define J
21
as
22
2
0
2
0
2
21
= (4.43)
From (4.34) it is evident that the elements of J
21
are the partial derivative
of Q with respect to . From (4.39) we can write
cos(
ik
+
k
) ; k i (4.44)
Similarly for i = k we have
=1
cos(
ik
+
k
) ; k i
=
i
V
2
G
ii
(4.45)
The last equality of (4.45) is evident from (4.38).
C. Formation of J
12
Let us define J
12
as
22
2
12
= (4.46)
As evident from (4.33), the elements of J
21
involve the derivatives of real
power P with respect to magnitude of bus voltage |V| . For i k , we can
write from (4.38)
cos(
ik
+
k
) = -M
ik
; k i
For i = k we have
= 2
ii
+
Formation of J
22
For the formation of J
22
let us define
22
2
22
=
For i k we can write from (4.39)
sin(
ik
+
k
) = L
ik
; k i
Finally for i = k we have
= 2
ii
We therefore see that once the submatrices J
11
and J
21
are computed, the
formation of the submatrices J
12
and J
22
is fairly straightforward. For large
system this will result in considerable saving in the computation time.
L
23
(0)
= Y
23
V
2
(0)
V
3
(0)
sin(
23
+
3
2
) =
23
sin
23
=
23
= 4.8077
Solution of Newton-Raphson Load Flow
The Newton-Raphson load flow program is tested on the system of Fig. 4.1 with
the system data and initial conditions given in Tables 4.1 to 4.3. From (4.41) we
can write
Similarly from (4.39) we have
L
23
(0)
= V
2
(0)
2
B
22
Y
2k
V
2
(0)
V
k
(0)
=1
sin(
2
+
2
) ; k2
= B
22
1.05 B
21
B
23
B
24
1.02 B
25
= 0.6327
Hence from (4.42) we get
L
22
(0)
= Q
2
(0
) V
2
(0)
2
B
22
= 0.6327
22
= 18.8269
In a similar way the rest of the components of the matrix J
11
(0)
are
calculated. This matrix is given by
J
11
(0)
=
18.8269
4.8077
4.8077
11.1058
0
3.8462
0
3.9231
3.8462
2.4519
5.8077
1.9615
3.9231
2.4519
1.9615
12.4558
For forming the off diagonal elements of J
21
we note from (4.44) that
M
23
(0)
= Y
23
V
2
(0)
V
3
(0)
cos(
23
+
3
2
) =
23
= 0.9615
Also from (4.38) the real power injected at bus-2 is calculated as
P
2
(0)
= V
2
(0)
2
22
Y
2k
V
2
(0)
V
k
(0)
=1
cos(
2
+
2
) ; k2
= G
22
+ 1.05 G
21
+
23
+
24
+ 1.02 G
25
= 0.1115
Hence from (4.45) we have
M
22
(0)
= P
2
(0
) V
2
(0)
2
22
=
3.7654
Similarly the rest of the elements of the matrix J
21
are calculated. This
matrix is then given as
J
21
(0)
=
3.7654
0.9615
0.9615
2.2212
0
0.7692
0 0.7692 1.1615
0.7846
0.4904
0.3923
For calculating the off diagonal elements of the matrix J
12
we note from
(4.47) that they are negative of the off diagonal elements of J
21
. However
the size of J
21
is (3 X 4) while the size of J
12
is (4 X 3). Therefore to avoid
this discrepancy we first compute a matrix M that is given by
M
=
M
22
M
22
M
22
M
22
M
22
M
22
M
22
M
22
M
22
M
22
M
22
M
22
M
22
M
22
M
22
M
22
The elements of the above matrix are computed in accordance with (4.44)
and (4.45). We can then define
J
21
= M(1:3, 1:4) and J
12
= M(1:3, 1:4)
Furthermore the diagonal elements of J
12
are overwritten in accordance
with (4.48). This matrix is then given by
J
12
(0)
=
3.5423
0.9615
0.9615
2.2019
0
0.7692
0
0.7846
0.7692
0.4904
1.1462
0.3923
Finally it can be noticed from (4.50) that J
22
= J
11
(1:3, 1:3). However the
diagonal elements of J
22
are then overwritten in accordance with (4.51).
This gives the following matrix
J
12
(0)
=
17.5615
4.8077
4.8077
10.8996
0
3.8462
0 3.8462 5.5408
From the initial conditions the power and reactive power are
computed as
P
calc
(0)
=
0.115 0.0096 0.0077
0.0098
Q
calc
(0)
=
0.6327 0.1031 0.1335
Consequently the mismatches are found to be
P
(0)
= 0.8485 0.3404 0.1523 0.2302
(0)
= 0.0127 0.0396 0.0535
Then the updates at the end of the first iteration are given as
1
(0)
2
(0)
3
(0)
4
(0)
=
4.91
6.95
7.19
3.09
2
(0)
3
(0)
4
(0)
deg
=
0.9864
0.9817
0.9913
The load flow converges in 7 iterations when all the power and reactive
power mismatches are below 10
6
.