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I. Buku Pegangan

1. Stephen J. Chapman, Electric Machinery Fundamentals, Mc. Graw
Hill, 2005, Singapore
2. Denis OKelly, Performance and Control Of Electrical Machine,
Mc. Graw Hill, 1992, Singapore
3. Paul C Krause, Analysis Of Electric Machinery, Mc. Graw Hill,
1987, Singapore
4. Fitzgerald, Electric Machinery, Mc. Graw Hill, 1985, Singapore
II. Materi Kuliah
Pengaturan dan Penggunaan :

1. Motor DC
- Pengaturan Kecepatan
- Starting
2. Motor Induksi
- Starting
- Membalik Arah Putaran Motor
- Pengaturan Kecepatan
3. Motor Sinkron
- Pengaruh Perubahan Beban
- Pengaruh Perubahan Arus Medan
- Motor Sinkron dan Perbaikan Faktor Daya
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1.1 TYPES OF ELECTRICAL
MACHINES

One of the main reasons for using alternating current (a.c,) instead of
direct current (d.c.) for power supply is the ease of transformation
from one voltage level to another by transformers [1].
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Table 1.1 illustrates United Kingdom operating voltages for
appropriate power levels varying from 240 volt for domestic supplies
to hundreds of kilovolts (kV) for transmission of bulk power.
Standard supply frequencies are either 50 Hz (United Kingdom) or
60 Hz (e.g. USA).
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Another reason is that power station generators or synchronous
machines [2] are required to be large (the efficiency of the turbo-
generator set increases with rating) and d.c. generators [3] cannot be
built in comparable sizes due to commutation limitations.

With a.c. supplies readily available the use of a.c. motors is
preferable and for near-constant speed applications the induction
motor [4] is commonly used as it is relatively cheap and robust.

For variable-speed drive applications the d.c. motor [5]
characteristics are very suitable. Additionally this machine is
eminently suitable for battery-driven motors ranging from children's
toy cars to electric vehicles.
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110 volt AC power cord is plugged in where the $3.50 per gallon gasoline
hole used to be. Plugged up that bottomless money pit to Exxon. She runs
on free solar power now.
Plug in at bedtime and its is all charged up in the morning before leaving for work.
Plug in at work to recharge for the trip home. Cost about $1.00 of electricity to go 40
miles with golf cart batteries. The new Lithium ion or NIMH batteries would go about
100 to 150 miles before re-charging, when they become available and affordable.
Pit = cavity
= hole
1 gallon =
3.785 liter
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Under the Hood- Black box is the
controller and under it is the DC motor. DC motor hooks up to the old 5 speed
transmission by using a steel template that came with the kit. Build the battery boxes
and you are ready to drive on free solar power.



Hybrid Car
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Rechargeable-battery Operated Toy Vehicle with 25w Motor Power




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Motors: By far the vast majority of robots use electric motors, of which
there are several kinds.
DC motors, which are familiar to many people, spin rapidly when an
electric current is passed through them. They will spin backwards if the
current is made to flow in the other direction.
Stepper Motors: As the name suggests, stepper motors do not spin freely
like DC motors, they rotate in steps of afew degrees at a time, under the
command of a controller. This makes them easier to control, as the
controller knows exactly how far they have rotated, without having to use a
sensor. Therefore they are used on many robots and CNC machining centres
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Piezo Motors: A recent alternative to DC motors are piezo motors, also
known as ultrasonic motors. These work on a fundamentally different
principle, whereby tiny piezoceramic legs, vibrating many thousands of
times per second, walk the motor round in a circle or a straight line.[7] The
advantages of these motors are incredible nanometre resolution, speed and
available force for their size.[8] These motors are already available
commercially, and being used on some robots.[9][10]
The four different types of equipment highlighted above are the
major workhorses for industrial and domestic systems (Fig. 1.1) and
provide a basis for any treatment on electrical machines.

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Piezo Basics

It all began in France more than 120 years ago. The two Curie brothers Jacques and
Pierre discovered that by compressing a crystalline material such as Rochelle salt they
could create electric voltage. The interesting thing is that the opposite is also true if
you place an electric field over a piezo crystal it changes shape. It is this shape-
changing
capacity that is the basis for PiezoMotors micro motor technology. Instead of
Rochelle salt, piezoceramic materials have been developed to meet the requirements
of modern applications.

Piezoelectric motors have been around for many decades. The first motors were
developed fairly simultaneously by researchers in the former Soviet Union and in the
USA. But it was not until the 1980s that motors appeared in high numbers in
commercial products, the most well-known example being motors for camera lenses.
Still, most of the piezo motors found on the market are targeted towards the research
community and sold in fairly limited numbers.
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Emotional Robot Has Empathy
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SERVO MOTORS
Servo motors are used in closed loop control
systems in which work is the control variable,
Figure 9. The digital servo motor controller
directs operation of the servo motor by
sending velocity command signals to the
amplifier, which drives the servo motor. An
integral feedback device (resolver) or devices
(encoder and tachometer) are either
incorporated within the servo motor or are
remotely mounted, often on the load itself.
These provide the servo motor's position and
velocity feedback that the controller compares
to its programmed motion profile and uses to
alter its velocity signal. Servo motors feature
a motion profile, which is a set of instructions
programmed into the controller that defines
the servo motor operation in terms of time,
position, and velocity. The ability of the servo
motor to adjust to differences between the
motion profile and feedback signals depends
greatly upon the type of controls and servo
motors used. See the servo motors Control and Sensors Product section.
Three basic types of servo motors are used in modern servosystems: ac servo
motors, based on induction motor designs; dc servo motors, based on dc motor
designs; and ac brushless servo motors, based on synchronous motor designs.


Figure 9 - Typical dc servo motor
system with either encoder or resolver
feedback. Some older servo motor
systems use a tachometer and encoder
for feedback.