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WCDMA Power Control Principle
1.0
Internal Use
2
Chapter 1 Power Overview
Chapter 2 Power Control Algorithm
Internal Use
3
Purpose of power control

Purpose of power control

Power control of the uplink channel is mainly to overcome

the near-far effect.

Downlink channel power control is to overcome fast fading and the interferences
of adjacent cells.

Power control must be used in CDMA system to ensure every user transmit
by minimum power and the network capacity can get maximum.

The purpose of inner loop power control of the WCDMA system is to maintain
a certain signal-to-interference ratio of transmission signal power when the
signals reach the receiving end.

However, in different multi-path environments, even if the mean signal-to-

interference ratio is kept above a certain threshold, the communication
quality requirement (BER or FER or BLER) can not be always satisfied .
Internal Use
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The Relationship between Transmitted Power and
Received Power after Power Control Methods Introduced
0 200 400 600 800
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
Time (ms)
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

p
o
w
e
r

(
d
B
)

Channel
Transmitted power
Received power
Internal Use
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Benefit from Power Control

Benefit from power control

Power control is known to be essential in a CDMA-based system due to the

uplink near-far problem

Adjust transmission power to ensure communication quality of uplink and

downlink.

Power control can well overcome the influences of unfavorable factors such as
fast fading, slow fading on radio channels

Decrease network interference, increase the capacity and quality of network

In a word, the purpose of power control is to ensure the QoS with minimum
power in the CDMA system.
Internal Use
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Power control classification

Power control classification

Open loop Power control

Closed loop Power control

Uplink inner power control

Downlink inner-power control

Uplink outer power control

Downlink outer power control

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Power control methods adopted for various physical channels

Power control methods adopted for various physical channels

"X" can be applied, "" not applied

Physical
channel
Open loop
power
control
Inner loop
power
control
Outer loop
power
Control
No power control process,
power is specified by upper
layers.
DPDCH

X X

DPCCH X X X

PCCPCH

X
SCCPCH

X
PRACH X

AICH

X
PICH

X
Internal Use
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Chapter 1 Power Overview
Chapter 2 Power Control Algorithm
Internal Use
9
1.Open loop power control
2.Inner-loop power control
3.Outer loop power control
Chapter 2 Power Control Algorithm
Internal Use
10
Open Loop Power Control Overview

Purpose

the UE estimates the power loss of signals on the propagation path by

measuring the downlink channel signals, then calculate the transmission
power of the uplink channel

The open loop power control principal

Under the FDD mode, fast fading of the uplink channel is unrelated to
fast fading of the downlink channel.

Internal Use
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Open Loop Power Control Overview

the disadvantage of open loop power control

This power control method is rather vague

Application scenarios of open loop power control

In the range of a cell, signal fading caused by fast fading is usually more
serious than that caused by propagation loss. Therefore, open loop
power control is applied only at the beginning of connection setup,
generally in setting the initial power value.
Internal Use
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Open Loop Power Control of PRACH
The random access procedure of PRACH is shown in above figure: UE transmit a
preamble using the selected uplink access slot, signature, and preamble transmission
power. After that ,UTARN will response AI if the preamble is received. Then the UE will
transmit the message part if the AI is received. But, if UE does not receive the AI from
UTRAN in p-p period, a next preamble will be transmitted. The process wont stop until
the AI received by UE.

AICH access
slots RX at UE
PRACH access
slots TX at UE
One access slot
t
p-a
t
p-m
t
p-p
Pre-
amble
Pre-
amble
Message part
Acq.
Ind.
Internal Use
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Open Loop Power Control of PRACH

The initial value of PRACH power is set through open loop power control
Preamble_Initial_Power = PCPICH DL TX power CPICH_RSCP + UL
interference + Constant Value

Parameters explanation

The values of PCPICH DL TX powerUL interference and Constant

Value are given in system information.

The value of CPICH_RSCP is measured by UE

PCPICH DL TX power is very closed to the downlink coverage ability,

which is already given in cell setup.

UL interference can be measured by NodeB, then it will be reported to RNC.

Constant Value is the threshold of preamble message. This value has to be

analysed very carefully.

Internal Use
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Open loop power control of PRACH
NO. Parameter Parameter meaning
1 Power Offset Pp-m The power offset of the last access preamble and message control part. This
value plus the access preamble power is the power of the control part
2 Constant Value This parameter is the correction constant used for the UE to estimate the
initial transmission power of PRACH according to the open loop power
3 PRACH Power Ramp Step This parameter is the ramp step of the preamble power when the UE has not
received the capture indication from NodeB
4 Preamble Retrans Max This parameter is the permitted maximum preamble repeat times of the UE
within a preamble ramp cycle
Power Ramp Step
P
p- m
10ms/20ms
Preable_Initial_
power
Internal Use
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Open loop power control of PRACH

Different Constant Values for different stage of WCDMA network

lifecycle. Take the beginning stage for example:

Constant Value could be greater (-16dB or -15dB) so that the preamble

message can be received easier by UTRAN

The power ramp step could be greater so that the possibility which the
preamble message can be received correctly will be higher

With the development of network, the number of users increased

very fast. On this stage, the Constant value could be less 1dB.
Internal Use
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Open loop power control of PRACH
Application scenarios
1. CCCH : RRC Connection Request

Open loop power
control of PRACH

5. Downlink Synchronisation

UE
Node B
Serving RNS


Serving
RNC


DCH - FP

Allocate RNTI
Select L1 and L2
parameters


RRC RRC


NBAP NBAP

3. Radio Link Setup Response

NBAP NBAP

2. Radio Link Setup Request

RRC RRC

7. CCCH : RRC Connection Set up


Start RX
description


Start TX
description


4. ALCAP Iub Data Transport Bearer Setup

RRC
RRC


9. DCCH : RRC Connection Setup Complete




6. Uplink Synchronisation

NBAP

NBAP

8. Radio Link Restore Indication
DCH - FP
DCH - FP
DCH - FP
Internal Use
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Open loop power control of DL DPCCH

The DL DPCCH open loop power control can be calculated by the

following formula:
P=Ec/IoReq-CPICH_Ec/Io+PCPICH

Parameters explanation

(Ec/Io)req is the required Ec/Io, which should satisfied UE can receive

the message from the dedicated channel correctly

CPICH_Ec/Io is measured by UE, then it is given to UTRAN by RACH

PCPICH is the transmission power of CPICH

Comments

Similar to UL, the (Ec/Io)Req value should be considered very carefully

Because there is not power ramp in the initial DL DPCCH, the initial power
should be satisfied with the requirements. Therefore, this value can be
greater than the one from simulation to ensure the success ratio
Internal Use
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Open loop power control of DL DPCCH
Application scenarios
1. CCCH : RRC Connection Request

Open loop power
control of DPCCH

5. Downlink Synchronisation

UE
Node B
Serving RNS


Serving
RNC


DCH - FP

Allocate RNTI
Select L1 and L2
parameters


RRC RRC


NBAP NBAP

3. Radio Link Setup Response

NBAP NBAP

2. Radio Link Setup Request

RRC RRC

7. CCCH : RRC Connection Set up


Start RX
description


Start TX
description


4. ALCAP Iub Data Transport Bearer Setup

RRC
RRC


9. DCCH : RRC Connection Setup Complete




6. Uplink Synchronisation

NBAP

NBAP

8. Radio Link Restore Indication
DCH - FP
DCH - FP
DCH - FP
Internal Use
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Open loop power control of UL DPCCH

The UL DPCCH open loop power control can be calculated by the

following formula:
DPCCH_Initial_powerPCPICH DL TX power-CPICH_RSCP
+UL interference+ DPCCH_SIRtarget

References explanation

PCPICH DL TX power is the transmission power of CPICH

CPICH_RSCP can be measured by UE

UL interference can be measured by NodeB

Comments

The DPCCH_SIRtarget value should be considered very carefully.

It reflects the lowest requirement for decoding the DPCCH in a
certain multiple path environment


Internal Use
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Open loop power control of UL DPCCH
Application scenarios
1. CCCH : RRC Connection Request

Open loop power
control of DPCCH

5. Downlink Synchronisation

UE
Node B
Serving RNS


Serving
RNC


DCH - FP

Allocate RNTI
Select L1 and L2
parameters


RRC RRC


NBAP NBAP

3. Radio Link Setup Response

NBAP NBAP

2. Radio Link Setup Request

RRC RRC

7. CCCH : RRC Connection Set up


Start RX
description


Start TX
description


4. ALCAP Iub Data Transport Bearer Setup

RRC
RRC


9. DCCH : RRC Connection Setup Complete




6. Uplink Synchronisation

NBAP

NBAP

8. Radio Link Restore Indication
DCH - FP
DCH - FP
DCH - FP
Internal Use
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1.Open loop power control
2.I nner-loop power control
3.Outer loop power control
Chapter 2 Power Control Algorithm
Internal Use
22
Close loop power control

The deficiencies of open loop power control

the open loop power control can decided the initial power, but its still inaccurate

For WCDMA-FDD system, the uplink fading is not related to the downlink
one because of the big frequency interval of them

Therefore, the path loss and interference estimated by downlink can not reflect
the one in uplink completely. But, the close loop power control can solve this
problem

The advantages of close loop power control

Can convergence the transmission power of uplink and downlink very fast, and
decrease interference in system.

Maintains a higher quality of service

Why the close loop power control is needed
Internal Use
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Inner-loop power control

The receivers calculate the SIR by estimating the power strengthen

and the current interference. Then, compare this one to SIRtarget,

If less than SIRtarget, the TPC is 1 to tell receivers increase

transmission power

If greater than SIRtarget, the TPC is 0 to tell receivers decrease

transmission power

The receiver which get the TPC will adjust the transmission power by
algorithms. The inner loop power control can convergence the
estimated SIR to SIR target

The principle for I nner-loop power control
Internal Use
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Inner-loop power control

In 3GPP protocol, two algorithms are adopted in the inner-loop

power control of uplink DPCCH

PCA1uplink power control step is tpc=1dB or 2dB

PCA2 uplink power control step is tpc=1dB

The power control adjustment range in DPCCH is

DPCCH=tpcTPC_cmd

TPC_cmd is achieved by different algorithm

The power offset shows the difference of transmission power of UL

DPDCH and UL DPDCH

The adjustment rage of DPDCH is the same as the DPCCH.

The power offset is decided by the signaling from higher layer

I nner-loop power control Algorithm
Internal Use
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Uplink-inner loop power control

NodeB compares the measured signal-to-interference ratio

to the preset target signal-to-interference ratio (SIRtarget).
NodeB
UE
Transmit TPC
Inner-loop
set SIRtar
1500Hz
Each UE has own loop
Internal Use
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Uplink-inner loop power control
2
2
d
c
|
|
DPDCH/DPCCH structure
The power ratio of DPCCH to DPDCH is
Pilot
N
pilot
bits
TPC
N
TPC
bits
Data
N
data
bits
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14
T
slot
= 2560 chips, 10 bits
1 radio frame: T
f
= 10 ms
DPDCH
DPCCH
FBI
N
FBI
bits
TFCI
N
TFCI
bits
T
slot
= 2560 chips, N
data
= 10*2
k
bits (k=0..6)
Internal Use
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Uplink-inner loop power control

The uplink DPCCH SIR should be estimated by different serving cells.

In each time slot, the TPC can be generated by the following rules:

No soft handover

If SIR estimation is greater than SIR target, the TPC is 0 to

decrease the transmission power

If SIR estimation is less than SIR target, the TPC is 1 to

increase the transmission power

Soft handover

In one time slot, UE received several TPC, then combine then

.

Comments

in the last situation, the PCA decides how the TPC_cmd are combined.

The PCA has two methods. UTRAN decides which one is used.
TPC
Internal Use
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Uplink-inner loop power control

UE can adjust the UL DPCCH transmission power with tpc step

according to the received TPC_cmd

The step tpc can be 1dB or 2dB, which is decided by UTRAN

If the TPC_cmd is 1the UL DPCCH and UL DPDCH transmission

power should be increased tpc

If the TPC_cmd is -1the UL DPCCH and UL DPDCH transmission

power should be decreased tpc

If the TPC_cmd is 0the UL DPCCH and UL DPDCH transmission

power should be decreased tpc

Internal Use
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Uplink-inner loop power control

UE only can receive one TPC in non-soft handover situation,

If TPC0TPC_cmd= -1

If TPC1TPC_cmd= 1

PCA1
Internal Use
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Uplink-inner loop power control

When UE is in soft handover

UE can receive several TPCs in one time slot and combine

them to get one TPC_cmd by the following two steps:

First, combine the TPCs from one RLS

Then, combine the TPCs from different RLS

Comments

The TPC from RLSi is Wi

PCA1
Internal Use
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Uplink-inner loop power control

Wi can be achieved by the following rules

If the TPC is 0, Wi=0

If the TPC is 1, Wi1

Assume UE has N RLSesN TPC can be obtained after

combination, W1W2WN. The combination method for these
N TPCs from N RLSes can be described as following formula
TPC_cmd = (W1, W2, WN)

function should satisfied:

If one Wi is 0, TPC_cmd is -1

If all Wi are 1TPC_cmd is 1

PCA1
Internal Use
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Uplink-inner loop power control

If UE is not in soft handover

Only one TPC is received in one time slot. The power control can be done once by
each 5 time slots. Each frame is divided 3 groups with 5 time slots. In the first 4
time slots, the TPC_cmds are 0, which means the power does not change. In the
5th time slot, the TPC_cmd can be achieved by the following rules:

If all the TPC are 0, the TPC_cmd is -1 and the transmission will decrease 1dB;

If all the TPC are 1, the TPC_cmd is 1 and the transmission will increase 1dB;

Otherwise, TPC_cmd=0.

TPC RX TPC_cmd
0000 0 0000 -1
1111 1 0000 1
else 0000 0
PCA2
Internal Use
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Uplink-inner loop power control

When UE is in soft handover, the TPC_cmd can be achieved by the

following two steps

First, combine the TPC from a same RLS

N TPCi (i = 1,2......N) can be achieved from N RLSes in each time slot

The N TPC_cmds from different RLS can be achieved by the above

mentioned rules. So the first 4 time slot, the TPC_cmd is 0. And the
each final TPC_cmd is decided in the 5th time slot

Assume the each final TPC_cmd from N RLS are TPC_tempii = 1,2......N

The first 4 time slots, all TPC_tempi = 0

the TPC_cmd in fifth time slot can get by the following ruls
Mathematic average for N TPC_temps. If it is greater than 0.5,
TPC_cmd=1. If it is less than -0.5, TPC_cmd=-1, otherwise TPC_cmd=0

PCA2
Internal Use
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Uplink-inner loop power control

The control frequency

TPC1, the power control frequency is 1500Hz

TPC2, the power control frequency is 300Hz

Application scenarios

When UE is moving with high speed (80Km/h), the fast inner-loop

power control can not catch up with the fast fading, which produce
negative gain. In this situation, PCA2 is prefered.

Comparison between PCA1 and PCA2
Internal Use
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Downlink Inner-loop power control
NodeB
Set SIRtar
Transmit TPC
Measure SIR and compare
Inner-loop
1500Hz
Internal Use
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Downlink inner-loop power control
The inner-loop power control of downlink DPCCH include two typies: one is the
inner-loop power control in compressed mode, the other is the inner-loop power
control in non-compressed mode.
Timeslot structure of Downlink DPCH :
PO1 defines the power offset of the TFCI bit in the downlink DPCCH to DPDCH.
PO2 defines the power offset of the TPC bit in the downlink DPCCH to DPDCH.
PO3 defines the power offset of the Pilot bit in the downlink DPCCH to DPDCH.
The values of PO1PO2 and PO3 are defined by RNC.
Internal Use
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Downlink inner-loop power control

Firstly, UE should estimate the downlink DPDCH/DPCCH power and the

current SIR

Then, UE can generate TPC by comparing the estimated SIR to target SIR

If the estimated SIR is greater than the target one, TPC is 0 (decrease power)

If the estimated SIR is less than the target one, TPC is 1 (increase power)

The step of DL inner-loop power control could be 0.511.5 or 2dB

Internal Use
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Downlink inner-loop power control

When UE is not in soft handover

The TPC which is generated by UE is transmitted in TPC domain of UL channel

When UE is in soft handover, two power control modes can be used, which
is decided by DPC_mode:

DPC_MODE0UE will transmit TPC in every slot

DPC_MODE1UE will transmit the same TPC in every three time slot

When the downlink channel is in out of synchronization, UE will transmit

TPC 1 because UE can not measure the downlink SIR

As for responding to the receiving TPC, UTRAN will adjust the downlink
power of DPCCH/DPDCH. But the transmission power can not higher than
Maximum_DL_Power, and not less than Minimum_DL_Power neither.

Power control in different state
Internal Use
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Downlink Power Balance

Downlink power balance process

SRNC can monitor every single NodeBs

transmission. If SRNC found the power
offset in soft handover is too much, it will
command the DPB process

The initiation and stop of DPB

The power offset of two RL is greater

than the DPB initial threshold, the DPB
process is initiated

The power offset of two RL is less than

the DPB stop threshold, the DPB process
is stopped

NodeB
NodeB
Initiate the DPB
process
DPB process
Internal Use
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1.Open loop power control
2.Inner-loop power control
3.Outer loop power control
Chapter 2 Power Control Algorithm
Internal Use
41
Outer-loop power control

The limitation of inner loop power control

The purpose of inner loop power control of the WCDMA system is to

maintain a certain signal-to-interference ratio of transmission signal
power when the signals reach the receiving end.

The character of outer-loop power control

The Qos which NAS provide to CN is BLER, not SIR

The relationship between inner-loop power control and outer-loop

power control

SIR target should be satisfied with the requirement of decoding correctly.

But different multiple path radio environment request different SIR

Therefore, the outer-loop power control can adjust the SIR to get a stable
BLER in the changeable radio environment

Internal Use
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Uplink outer loop power control
NodeB UE
Transmit TPC
Measure and compare SIR
Inner-loop
Set SIRtar
get the good quality
service data
Out loop
RNC
Measure received
data and
compare BLER in
the TrCH
Set BLERtar
10-100Hz
Internal Use
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NodeB
set SIRtar
Transmit TPC
Measure and compare SIR
Measure and compare BLER
Outer loop
Inner loop
L1
L3
10-100Hz
1500Hz
Downlink outer loop power control
Internal Use
44
outer loop power control
SI R target adjustment step
|
|
.
|

\
|
= A
et BLERt
et BLERt BLERmeas
tep SIRAdjustS oefficient SIRAdjustc SIRtar
arg
arg
* *
Internal Use
45
Outer loop power control

Uplink outer loop power control command transmit to NodeB through DCH-FP
Node B SRNC

OUTER LOOP PC
Internal Use
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