An insight into Indian

Capital Market

Presented by:
Rajesh Kumar
MBA(Finance), ACS, AIII
Capital Market
A market in which individuals and institutions trade
financial securities. Organizations/institutions in the
public and private sectors also often sell securities on
the capital markets in order to raise funds. Thus, this
type of market is composed of both the primary and
secondary markets.
Capital markets are financial markets for the buying and
selling of long-term debt- or equity-backed securities.
These markets channel the wealth of savers to those
who can put it to long-term productive use, such as
companies or governments making long-term
investments.
Capital Market is where trading in financial
instruments is conducted to raise capital.
Three categories of participants:
i) Issuer of securities: Borrowers or deficit savers
who issue securities to raise funds(corporate sector,
central government).
ii) Investors: Surplus savers who deploy savings by
subscribing to these securities(include retail
investors, mutual funds).
iii) The Intermediaries: Agents who match the need of
the users and suppliers of funds.

Nature Of Capital Market
The nature of capital market is brought out by the
Following facts:
Its has two segments primary and secondary
market.
It performs trade-off function.
It deals in long-term securities.
It helps in creating liquidity.
It creates dispersion in business ownership.
It helps in capital function.
Role and Function of Capital Market
Capital Formation
Avenue Provision of Investment
Speed up Economic Growth and
Development
Mobilization of Savings
Proper Regulation of Funds
Service Provision
Continuous Availability of Funds

Factors affect the Capital Market
Economy of the Country
Money Supply
Interest Rate
Corporate Results
Global Capital Market Scenario
Foreign Funds Inflow
Strength/Weakness of the local currency


Types of capital market
There are two types of capital market:

1. Primary market
2. Secondary market

* Primary Market:
It is that market in which shares, debentures and
other securities are sold for the first time for
collecting long-term capital.
This market is concerned with new issues.
Therefore, the primary market is also called NEW
ISSUE MARKET.


Classification of Capital Marketing
CAPITAL MARKET
PRIMARY MARKET
SECONDARY
MARKET
PUBLIC
ISSUE
RIGHT
ISSUE
BONUS
ISSUE
PRIVATE
PLACEMENT
STOCK MARKET
Primary Market
In Primary Market, Securities are offered to the public for subscription, for
the purpose of raising the capital or funds.
The issue of securities in the primary market is subjected to fulfillment of a
number of pre-issue guidelines by SEBI and compliance to various provision
of the Company Act.
An unlisted issuer making a public issue i.e. (making an IPO) is required to
satisfy the following provisions:
The Issuer Company shall meet the following requirements:
(a) Net Tangible Assets of at least Rs. 3 crores in each of the preceding three
full years.
(b) Distributable profits in at least three of the immediately preceding five
years.
(c) Net worth of at least Rs. 1 Crore in each of the preceding three full years.
(d) If the company has changed its name within the last one year, at least 50%
revenue for the preceding 1 year should be from the activity suggested by the
new name.
(e) The issue size does not exceed 5 times the pre issue net worth as per the
audited balance sheet of the last financial year.

MONEY MARKET: It is the market for short
term funds i.e. Up to one year maturity; or it is the
market for lending and borrowing of short term
funds.

It consists of :
Call money market: The call money market deals
in short term finance repayable on demand, with a
maturity period varying from one day to 14
days. It is done mostly by commercial banks.

Bill market: Treasury bills are instrument of
short-term borrowing by the Government of India,
issued as promissory notes under discount.

364 days bill market: The 364 day treasury bills have thus become an
important instrument of government borrowing from market and also
leading money market instrument in the sense that their yield is most
reflective of market condition. Financial institutions recognise the yield rate
on 364 days.

Certificate of Deposit(COD): It is a instrument of borrowing by
commercial for a minimum period of 3 month and a maximum of 1 year in a
multiples of 25 lakhs. The minimum value is reduced and and is presently 1
lakh. It is issue on at a discount to face value. And discount rate is freely
determined according to the market conditions.

Commercial Papers (CPs): Commercial Paper is the short term
unsecured promissory note issued by corporate and financial institutions at a
discounted value on face value. They come with fixed maturity period
ranging from 3 to 6 months. It is issued by companies with a net worth of 10
cr later reduced to 5 cr. It is issued in multiple of 25 lakhs subject to
minimum issue of 1 cr.

Repos and Reverse repos:
Repos: The rate at which the RBI lends money
to commercial banks is called repo rate, a short
term for repurchase agreement. A reduction in
the repo rate will help banks to get money at a
cheaper rate. When the repo rate increases
borrowing from RBI becomes more expensive.
Reverse repos: To sell dated government
securities through auction at fixed cut-off rate
of interest. The objective is to provide short
term avenue to bank to park their Surplus
funds when there is considerable liquidity in
money market.

Classification of Issues
ISSUES
RIGHT
PRIVATE
PLACEMENT
PUBLIC
INITIAL
PUBLIC
OFFERING
FURTHER
PUBLIC
OFFERING
FRESH
ISSUE
OFFER
FOR SALE
FRESH
ISSUE
OFFER FOR
SALE
Classification of Issue
PUBLIC ISSUE :
It involves raising of funds directly from the public and get
themselves listed on the stock exchange.
In case of new companies ,the face value of the securities is
issue at par; and
In the case of existing companies, the face value of
securities are issued at premium.
Initial public offer (IPO): When an unlisted company
makes either a fresh issue of securities or offers its existing
securities for sale or both for the first time to the public, it is
called an IPO. This paves way for listing and trading of the
issuers securities in the Stock Exchanges.
Further public offer (FPO): When an already listed
company makes either a fresh issue of securities to the
public or an offer for sale to the public, it is called a FPO.

Cont
RIGHT ISSUE:
Right issue is the method of raising additional finance from existing
members by offering securities to them on pro rata bases. The rights
offer should be kept open for a period of 60 days and should be
announced within one month of the closure of books.

BONUS ISSUE:
Companies distribute profits to existing shareholders by way of fully
paid bonus share in lieu of dividend.
These are issued in the ratio of existing shares held.
The shareholders do not have to make any additional payment for
these shares.

PRIVATE PLACEMENT:
Private Placement is an issue of shares by a company to a select
group of persons under the Section 81 of the companies act 1956. It
is a faster way for a company to raise equity capital.

Secondary Market
Secondary Market refers to a market where
securities are traded after being initially offered to
the public in the primary market and/or listed on
the stock exchange.
It is the trading avenue in which the already
existing securities are traded amongst investors.
Banks facilitate secondary market transactions by
opening direct trading and demat accounts to
individuals and companies.

Cont

The secondary market is that market in which the
buying and selling of the previously issued
securities is done.
The transactions of the secondary market are
generally done through the medium of stock
exchange.
The chief purpose of the secondary market is to
create liquidity in securities.

Secondary market comprises of Equity market
and Debt market.

Financial instruments dealt in
secondary market
Equity Shares:
An equity share is commonly referred to as an ordinary share.
It is an form of fractional ownership in which a shareholder, as
a fractional owner, undertakes the entrepreneurial risk
associated with the business venture.
Holders of the equity shares are members of the company and
have voting rights.
Right shares:
This refers to the issue of new securities to the existing
shareholders, at a ratio to those shares already held.
Bonus Shares:
These shares are issued by the companies to their shareholders
free of cost by capitalization of accumulated reserves from the
profit earned in the earlier years.

Cont
Preference shares:
These shareholder do not have voting rights.
Owners of these shares are entitled to a fixed dividend or a
dividend calculated at a fixed rate to be paid regularly
before any dividend can be paid in respect of equity shares.
These shareholders also enjoy priority over the equity
shareholders in the payment of surplus.
Cumulative Preference Shares:
This is a type of preference shares on which dividend
accumulates if it remains unpaid.
Cumulative Convertible Preference Shares:
This is a type of preference shares on where the dividend
payable on the same accumulates, if not paid. After a
specified date, these shares will be converted into equity
capital of the company.

Derivative Market
Derivatives are synthetic instruments.
They derive value from an underlying asset
class.
Asset classes range from financial instruments
to commodities to even classes such as
weather and industrial effluents.
However the common underlying theme of
derivatives is that they are leveraged products
Derivatives are not always priced at respective
asset value (fair value).
Derivative Positions and Types of
Derivative Market Players
Naked open position taking a directional call
on the markets
Hedge against underlying asset class
Arbitrage position within an asset class
Speculators
Hedgers
Arbitrageurs
Underlying Asset Class
It is important to understand the underlying
asset class before using derivatives.
Asset classes can be classified into two broad
categories- financial which includes currencies
and commodities.
Financial asset classes can be broadly
categorised into interest rates, equities and
currencies.
Commodities range from agricultural
commodities to minerals and metals.

Financial Asset Classes
Broadly categorized into equity, interest rates and
currencies.
Equity as an asset class will include single stocks
and equity indices.
Interest rates as an asset class will include
government bonds, government bond benchmarks
and money market benchmarks.
Currencies as an asset class will include currency
pairs such as USD/INR, USD/JPY etc.
Credits as defined by corporate bonds can also be
categorized into financial assets and derivatives
on them are called credit derivatives.

Equity Derivatives
Equity derivatives can be classified into single
stock derivatives and index derivatives.
Single stock derivatives are derivatives on
specific stocks eg. Reliance.
Index derivatives are derivatives on stock
exchange indices eg- Nifty.
Hybrid derivatives on equity include
convertible shares (partly or fully).
Employee stock options are also equity
derivatives.

Interest Rate Derivatives
Interest rate derivatives have many different
types:
Derivatives on government bonds
Derivatives on bond indices/ benchmark
Derivatives on short term money market
benchmarks
Examples: Bond futures and interest rate swaps based
on benchmarks such as libor/ mibor.

Currency Derivatives
Currency derivatives are based on currency
pairs.
Currency forwards and options eg- USD/INR
forwards and options.
Currency derivatives are combined with
interest rate derivatives to offer exotics.
Exotics include principle only swaps, currency
swaps.

Derivative Exchanges
Derivative exchanges are separate from stock
exchanges.
In US CBOT and CME are the largest
exchanges for derivatives.
In UK LIFFE is the premier derivative
exchange.
In India NSE is the largest equity derivative
exchange while commodity exchanges are
NCDEX and MCX.

Hedging or Leveraging
Derivatives are viewed as a hedging
instrument.
The holder of an underlying asset can hedge
fluctuations in prices of the asset using
derivatives.
However derivatives are increasingly being
used for taking up leveraged positions in an
underlying asset.
This enables higher returns for taking on
higher risk.

Mutual Fund

Form of trust that pools the funds of a whole
lot of investors to make more money by
investing in an array of financial instruments.

Advantages of a Mutual Fund:
Professional Management
Diversification
Flexibility in choice - selection, redemption
Low costs
Transparency

Types of funds
Open ended fund
Close ended fund
Interval fund
Debt fund
Equity fund
Hybrid fund
Other funds

Commodity Market
A commodity is any good or service produced by
human labor and offered as a product for general sale
on the market .
Characteristics: Commodity is anything movable (a
good) that has following characteristics:
Fungible, i.e. the same no matter who produces it
Derivatives, i.e. involves further processing into
number of products
Economic cost, i.e. production of it involves some
cost


Classification of Commodities
Agriculture
Grains
Pulses
Edible oils/seeds
Spices etc

Base Metals
Copper
Zinc
Aluminum
Nickel
Tin
Energy
Crude oil
Heating oil
Natural gas
Furnace oil
Etc.
Bullion
Gold
Silver
Palladium
etc
Commodities
Commodity Trading Instruments
There are a variety of basic types of
instruments traded in commodity
marketplaces:
Spot contracts
Cash market contracts
Forward contracts
Futures contracts
Options

Commodity Indian Structure

FMC THE REGULATOR
COMMODITY EXCHANGE
NATIONAL
EXCHANGES
REGIONAL
EXCHANGES
NCDEX NMCE MCX NBOT
20 OTHER
REGIONAL
EXCHANGES
Reasons for Investing in Commodities

Commodity provides true diversification in financial portfolio.

Commodity act as hedge against risks involved in business.

Rising income will ensure Inflation which in turn will ensure bull market
in commodities.

Explosion of population and shrinking agricultural land would leave
commodity scarce.

Returns chasing funds & investors (traders, investor &HNI) will make it
vibrant.

Consumption / Spending in infrastructure / GDP growth will lead to
depletion of metals.

Secular bull market in commodities is likely to continue.

Stock Exchange

Stock Exchange denotes a place where
stocks, shares and other securities are
bought and sold. In other words, a stock
exchange is any organization or a group
of persons which constitutes, maintains
or provides a market place or facilities
for bringing together purchasers and sellers
of securities.

Stock Exchanges
In India
Bombay
Stock
Exchange
(BSE)
National
Stock
Exchange
(NSE)
Regional
Stock
Exchanges

STOCK
EXCHANGES
IN INDIA
Functions of Stock Exchange
Motivates individual to save and invest funds.

A safe and productive channels for investment
of savings.

Provides liquidity to the savings of the
investors, by developing a secondary capital
market.

Meeting the large capital needs of organized
industry, trade and business.
Legal Framework
Securities
Contract
(Regulation)
Act, 1956

Listing
Agreements

All the Rules &
Regulations
The
Depositories
Act, 1996
Securities
And Exchange
Board of
India Act,
1992
Companies Act,
1956
Legal
Framework
Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956

It provides for direct and indirect control
of virtually all aspects of securities trading
and the running of stock exchanges and aims
to prevent undesirable transactions in
securities. It gives SEBI regulatory
jurisdiction over
(a) stock exchanges through a process of
recognition and continued supervisions.
(b) contracts in securities.
(c) listing of securities on stock exchange.
Objectives of Securities Contracts
(Regulation) Act, 1956

To provide for the regulation of stock exchanges.

To provide for the regulation of transactions in securities.

To prevent undesirable speculations in securities.

To regulate the buying and selling of securities outside the
limits of stock exchanges.

To provide for ancillary matters.

Important SEBI Regulations
SEBI ( ISSUE OF CAPITAL AND DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS)
Regulations, 2009
SEBI ( ISSUE AND LISTING OF DEBT SECURITIES) Regulations,
2008.
SEBI ( PROHIBITION OF INSIDER TRADING ) Regulations, 1992
SEBI ( MERCHANT BANKERS ) Regulations, 1992
SEBI ( UNDERWRITERS ) Regulations, 1993
SEBI ( REGISTRARS TO AN ISSUE AND SHARE TRANSFER
AGENTS ) Regulations, 1993
SEBI ( BANKERS TO AN ISSUE ) Regulations, 1994
SEBI ( SUBSTANTIAL ACQUISITION OF SHARES AND
TAKEOVERS ) Regulations 1997 (Takeover Code)
SEBI ( PROHIBITION OF FRADULENT AND UNFAIR TRADE
PRACTICES RELATING TO SECURITIES MARKET ) Regulations,
2003





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