This document provides information on the design and detailing of combined footings with steel reinforcement. It discusses the different types of combined footings, including slab, strap, and beam types. The key steps in designing a combined footing are outlined, such as locating column loads, proportioning the footing size, calculating shear forces and moments, and designing the longitudinal and transverse reinforcement. An example is provided to illustrate the design of a rectangular combined footing with a central beam joining two columns, with details of the slab and beam design, reinforcement requirements, and development lengths.
This document provides information on the design and detailing of combined footings with steel reinforcement. It discusses the different types of combined footings, including slab, strap, and beam types. The key steps in designing a combined footing are outlined, such as locating column loads, proportioning the footing size, calculating shear forces and moments, and designing the longitudinal and transverse reinforcement. An example is provided to illustrate the design of a rectangular combined footing with a central beam joining two columns, with details of the slab and beam design, reinforcement requirements, and development lengths.
This document provides information on the design and detailing of combined footings with steel reinforcement. It discusses the different types of combined footings, including slab, strap, and beam types. The key steps in designing a combined footing are outlined, such as locating column loads, proportioning the footing size, calculating shear forces and moments, and designing the longitudinal and transverse reinforcement. An example is provided to illustrate the design of a rectangular combined footing with a central beam joining two columns, with details of the slab and beam design, reinforcement requirements, and development lengths.
This document provides information on the design and detailing of combined footings with steel reinforcement. It discusses the different types of combined footings, including slab, strap, and beam types. The key steps in designing a combined footing are outlined, such as locating column loads, proportioning the footing size, calculating shear forces and moments, and designing the longitudinal and transverse reinforcement. An example is provided to illustrate the design of a rectangular combined footing with a central beam joining two columns, with details of the slab and beam design, reinforcement requirements, and development lengths.
Combined Footings Dr. M.C. NATARAJA 2 Summary Sheet Session Number : Date : Subject Expert : 8
14.05.2007-
Dr. M.C. Nataraja Dr. M.C. Nataraja Proessor Department o !i"i# En$ineerin$% Sri &a'ac(amarajen)ra !o##e$e o En$ineerin$% *'sore + 570 00,. P(one:0821-2-4-521% .880447742 E-mai#: nataraja.,/'a(oo.com
!earning "ut#omes$ % After this students &ill be able design and detail After this students &ill be able design and detail #ombined footings through dra&ing and bar bending #ombined footings through dra&ing and bar bending s#hedule. This is for 'art ( and is one full )uestion s#hedule. This is for 'art ( and is one full )uestion for about *+ mar,s. for about *+ mar,s. Design and Detailing of steel in Combined Footings - Footings The fun#tion of a footing or a foundation is to transmit the load form the stru#ture to the underlying soil. The #hoi#e of suitable ty.e of footing de.ends on the de.th at &hi#h the bearing strata lies/ the soil #ondition and the ty.e of su.erstru#ture. 0 Combined footing 1hene2er t&o or more #olumns in a straight line are #arried on a single s.read footing/ it is #alled a #ombined footing. 3solated footings for ea#h #olumn are generally the e#onomi#al. Combined footings are .ro2ided only &hen it is absolutely ne#essary/ as 1. 1hen t&o #olumns are #lose together/ #ausing o2erla. of ad4a#ent isolated footings 2. 1here soil bearing #a.a#ity is lo&/ #ausing o2erla. of ad4a#ent isolated footings . 'ro5imity of building line or e5isting building or se&er/ ad4a#ent to a building #olumn. 6 '2 l a2 a1 5 R Combined footing &ith loads '1 !72 !72 Ty.es of #ombined footings 'ro.erty line 8 8 8 b * 2. Slab and beam ty.e . Stra. ty.e Ty.es of #ombined footing 1. Slab ty.e 9 % The #ombined footing may be re#tangular/ tra.e:oidal or Tee;sha.ed in .lan. The geometri# .ro.ortions and sha.e are so fi5ed that the #enteroid of the footing area #oin#ides &ith the resultant of the #olumn loads. This results in uniform .ressure belo& the entire area of footing. % Tra.e:oidal footing is .ro2ided &hen one #olumn load is mu#h more than the other. As a result/ the both .ro4e#tions of footing beyond the fa#es of the #olumns &ill be restri#ted. % Re#tangular footing is .ro2ided &hen one of the .ro4e#tions of the footing is restri#ted or the &idth of the footing is restri#ted. < Re#tangular #ombined footing % !ongitudinally/ the footing a#ts as an u.&ard loaded beam s.anning bet&een #olumns and #antile2ering beyond. =sing stati#s/ the shear for#e and bending moment diagrams in the longitudinal dire#tion are dra&n. Moment is #he#,ed at the fa#es of the #olumn. Shear for#e is #riti#al at distan#e >d? from the fa#es of #olumns or at the .oint of #ontra fle5ure. T&o;&ay shear is #he#,ed under the hea2ier #olumn. % The footing is also sub4e#ted to trans2erse bending and this bending is s.read o2er a trans2erse stri. near the #olumn. 1+ Longitudinal Bending Transverse Bending T T T T P a P b SLAB TYPE COMBINED FOOTING a b l ! 11 d d d72 1 2 - 0 6 1 2 - 0 6 Se#tion 1;1/ 2;2/ 0;0/ and 6;6 are se#tions for #riti#al moments Se#tion ;/ -;- are se#tions for #riti#al shear @one &ayA Se#tion for #riti#al t&o &ay shear is ab#d a b d # CR3T3CA! SBCT3"NS F"R M"MBNTS AND SCBAR 12 5 R TRANSDBRSB (BAM (B!"1 C"!=MS '2 l b a '1 !72 !72 1m 1 Design Ste.s % !o#ate the .oint of a..li#ation of the #olumn loads on the footing. % 'ro.ortion the footing su#h that the resultant of loads .asses through the #enter of footing. % Com.ute the area of footing su#h that the allo&able soil .ressure is not e5#eeded. % Cal#ulate the shear for#es and bending moments at the salient .oints and hen#e dra& SFD and (MD. % Fi5 the de.th of footing from the ma5imum bending moment. % Cal#ulate the trans2erse bending moment and design the trans2erse se#tion for de.th and reinfor#ement. Che#, for an#horage and shear. 1- Design Ste.s ;Contd./ % Che#, the footing for longitudinal shear and hen#e design the longitudinal steel % Design the reinfor#ement for the longitudinal moment and .la#e them in the a..ro.riate .ositions. % Che#, the de2elo.ment length for longitudinal steel % Curtail the longitudinal bars for e#onomy % Dra& and detail the reinfor#ement % 're.are the bar bending s#hedule 10 Detailing Detailing of steel @both longitudinal and trans2erseA in a #ombined footing is similar to that of #on2entional beam; S';- Detailing re)uirements of beams and slabs should be follo&ed as a..ro.riate;S';- 16 Design of #ombined footing E Slab and (eam ty.e 1. T&o interior #olumns A and ( #arry *++ ,N and 1+++ ,N loads res.e#ti2ely. Column A is 0+ mm 5 0+ mm and #olumn ( is -++ mm F -++ mm in se#tion. The #entre to #entre s.a#ing bet&een #olumns is -.6 m. The soil on &hi#h the footing rests is #a.able of .ro2iding resistan#e of 1+ ,N7m 2 . Design a #ombined footing by .ro2iding a #entral beam 4oining the t&o #olumns. =se #on#rete grade M20 and mild steel reinfor#ement. 1* Dra& to a suitable s#ale the follo&ing 1. The longitudinal se#tional ele2ation 2. Trans2erse se#tion at the left fa#e of the hea2ier #olumn . 'lan of the footing Mar,s 6+ 19 Solution$ Data f #, G 20 Nlmm 2 / f y G 20+ N7mm 2 / f b G l+ ,N7m 2 @S(CA/ Column A G 0+ mm 5 0+ mm/ Column ( G -++ mm 5 -++ mm/ #7# s.a#ing of #olumns G -.6 m/ ' A G *++ ,N and ' ( G 1+++ ,N Re)uired$ To design #ombined footing &ith #entral beam 4oining the t&o #olumns. =ltimate loads ' uA G 1.0 5 *++ G 1+0+ ,N/ ' u( G 1.0 5 1+++ G 10++ ,N 1< Proportioning of base size 1or,ing load #arried by #olumn A G ' A G *++ ,N 1or,ing load #arried by #olumn ( G ' ( G 1+++ ,N Self &eight of footing 1+ H 5 @' A 8 ' ( A G 1*+ ,N Total &or,ing load G 19*+ ,N Re)uired area of footing G A f G Total load 7S(C G19*+71+ G 1-.9 m 2 !et the &idth of the footing G ( f G 2m Re)uired length of footing G ! f G A f 7( f G 1-.972 G *.1<m 'ro2ide footing of si:e *.2m F 2m/A f G *.2 5 2 G 1-.- m 2
2+ Then 5 G @' ( 5 -.6A7@' A 8 ' ( A G @1+++ 5 -.6A7@1+++ 8*++A G 2.* m from #olumn A. 3f the #antile2er .ro4e#tion of footing beyond #olumn A is >a? then/ a 8 2.* G ! f 72 G *.272/ Therefore a G +.< m Similarly if the #antile2er .ro4e#tion of footing beyond ( is IbI then/ b 8 @-.6;2.*A G ! f 72 G .6 m/ Therefore b G .6 ; 1.< G 1.* m The details are sho&n in Figure For uniform .ressure distribution the C.J. of the footing should #oin#ide &ith the C.J. of #olumn loads. !et 5 be the distan#e of C.J. from the #entre line of #olumn A 21 C *++ ,N 1+++ ,N -6++ mm bG1*++ aG<++
5 R Combined footing &ith loads A ( D . u G1** ,N7m 2 & u G0- ,N7m 22 Rectangular Footing with Central Beam:- Design of Bottom slab. Total ultimate load from #olumns G ' u G 1.0@*++ 8 1+++A G 200+ ,N. =.&ard intensity of soil .ressure & u G '7A f G 200+71-.- G 1** ,N7m 2 Design of slab 3ntensity of =.&ard .ressure G & u G1** ,N7m 2 Consider one meter &idth of the slab @bG1mA !oad .er m run of slab at ultimate G 1** 5 1 G 1** ,N7m Cantile2er .ro4e#tion of the slab @For smaller #olumnA G1+++ ; 0+72 G 920 mm Ma5imum ultimate moment G 1** 5 +.920 2 72 G 6+.2 ,N;m. 2 For M20 and Fe 20+/ K u ma5 G .*1 N7mm 2
Re)uired effe#ti2e de.th G L @6+.2 5 1+ 6 7@.*1 5 1+++AA G 129 mm Sin#e the slab is in #onta#t &ith the soil #lear #o2er of 0+ mm is assumed. =sing 2+ mm diameter bars Re)uired total de.th G 129 8 2+72 8 0+ G199 mm say 2++ mm 'ro2ided effe#ti2e de.th G d G 2++;0+;2+72 G 1-+ mm . u G1** ,N7m 2 1m +.920 m Slab design;Contd./ "# $%&'# 2- To find steel M u 7bd 2 G.+*<.*/ =RS M u G+.9* f y A st Md;f y A st 7@f #, bAN . t G1.*H A st G 29+ mm 2 =se O2+ mm diameter bar at s.a#ing G 1+++ 5 1- 7 29+ G 11.< say 1+ mm #7# Area .ro2ided G1+++ 5 1- 7 1+ G 2-10 mm 2 20 Chec the depth for one - wa! shear considerations- "t #d$ from face Design shear for#eGD u G1**5@+.920;+.1-+AG121,N Nominal shear stressGP 2 GD u 7bdG121+++7 @1+++51-+AG+.966M'a 'ermissible shear stress ' t G 1++ 5 2-10 7@1+++ 5 1-+ A G 1.* H/ P u# G +.**2 N7mm 2
Dalue of , for 2++ mm thi#, slab G1.2 'ermissible shear stress G 1.2 5 +.**2 G +.<26 N7mm 2 P u# Q P 2 and hen#e safe The de.th may be redu#ed uniformly to 10+ mm at the edges. 26 Chec for de%elopment length ! dt G M+.9* 5 20+ 7 @- 5 1.-ANR G< R G < 5 2+ G *9+ mm A2ailable length of barG920 ; 20 G 9++mm Q *9+ mm and hen#e safe. Trans%erse reinforcement Re)uired A st G+.10bD71++ G+.1051+++ 5 2++71++ G ++mm 2 =sing R9 mm bars/ S.a#ingG1+++50+7++ G 16+ mm 'ro2ide distribution steel of R9 mm at 16+ mm #7#/S++/ S0d . u G1** ,N7m 2 1m +.920 m 2* Design of !ongitudinal (eam !oad from the slab &ill be transferred to the beam. As the &idth of the footing is 2 m/ the net u.&ard soil .ressure .er meter length of the beam G & u G 1** 5 2 G 0- ,N7m Shear For#e and (ending Moment D AC G 0- 5 +.< G19.6 ,N/ D A( G 1+0+;19.6 G*1.- ,N D (D G 0- 5 1.* G 6+1.9,N/ D (A G 10++;6+1.9 G 9<9.2 ,N 'oint of :ero shear from left end C F 1 G 1+0+70- G 2.<*m from C or F 2 G *.2;2.<* G -.2 m from D 29 Ma5imum (.M. o##urs at a distan#e of -.2 m from D M uB G 0- 5 -.2 2 7 2 ; 10++ @-.2 ; 1.*A G ;629 ,N.m (ending moment under #olumn AG M uA G0-5+.< 2 72 G 1-.* ,N.m (ending moment under #olumn ( G M u( G 0- 5 1.* 2
G 011.0 ,N;m !et the .oint of #ontra fle5ure be at a distan#e 5 from the #entre of #olumn A Then/ M 5 G 3+0+5 ; 0- @5 8 +.< A 2 7 2 G + Therefore 5 G +.2+6 m and .<2 m from #olumn A i.e. +.69 m from (. 2< "$'$ (N "'$$ (N &') (N*# $%+ # "%, # )%- # C A B D E M E .-/0 (N1# M A .")&%&, (N1# 2 3 %2 4.$%/$- # $%-0# M B .'""%' (N1# BMD at 5lti#ate 6".&"0%- (N 6).-$"%0 (N 6/.,&"%) (N 6&.0+0%/ (N SFD at 5lti#ate 2 2 1 4"./%+, # 4/.)%/& # E 1 + Depth of beam from B.&. The &idth of beam is ,e.t e)ual to the ma5imum &idth of the #olumn i.e. -++ mm. Determine the de.th of the beam &here T; beam a#tion is not a2ailable. The beam a#ts as a re#tangular se#tion in the #antile2er .ortion/ &here the ma5imum .ositi2e moment G 011.0 ,N7m. d GL @011.0 5 1+ 6 7 @.* 5 -++AA G 096 mm 'ro2ide total de.th of *0+ mm. Assuming t&o ro&s of bars &ith effe#ti2e #o2er of *+ mm. Bffe#ti2e de.th .ro2ided G dG *0+;*+ G 69+ mm @!ess than *0+mm and hen#e no side fa#e steel is needed. 1 Chec the depth for Two-wa! 'hear The hea2er #olumn ( #an .un#h through the footing only if it shears against the de.th of the beam along its t&o o..osite edges/ and along the de.th of the slab on the remaining t&o edges. The #riti#al se#tion for t&o;&ay shear is ta,en at distan#e d72 @i.e. 69+72 mmA from the fa#e of the #olumn. Therefore/ the #riti#al se#tion &ill be ta,en at a distan#e half the effe#ti2e de.th of the slab @ds72A on the other side as sho&n in Fig. 2 0+ 5 0+ -++ 5 -++ -++ *2++ mm 2+++ mm ( +.9m 2.*m 1.<m 1.0m +.920m " B aG+.<m bG1.*m -.6m (G-++ 5 -++ mm 2+++ B D D(d b D(d s D(d b )*
3n this #ase bGDG-++ mm/ d b G69+ mm/ d s G1-+ mm Area resisting t&o ; &ay shear G 2@b 5 d b 8 d s 5 d s A 8 2 @D 8 d b Ads G 2 @-++ 5 69+8 1-+ 5 1-+A 8 2@-++869+A 1-+G 9906++ mm 2 Design shearG' ud G #olumn load E 1 u 5 area at #riti#al se#tion G 10++ ; 1** 5@b 8 d s A 5 @D 8 d b A G10++;1** 5 @+.-++8+.1-+A 5 @+.-++8 +.69+A G1**.60,N P 2 G' ud 7b o dG 1**.6051+++79906++G1.06 M'a Shear stress resisted by #on#rete G P u# G P u# 5 T s &here/ P u# G +.20 L f #, G +.20L 20 G 1.20 N7mm 2 T s G +.0 8 d 7 D G +.0 8 -++7-++ G 1.0 U 1 Cen#e T s G 1 P u# G 1 5 1.20 G 1.20 N7mm 2 . Therefore =nsafe - Area of Steel$ Cantile2er .ortion (D !ength of #antile2er from the fa#e of #olumn G1.*; +.-72 G 1.0 m. =ltimate moment at the fa#e of #olumn G0-51.0 2 72G<9.20 ,N;m M uma5 G .*1 5 -++ 5 69+ 2 5 1+ ;6 G 696 ,N;m Q <9.20 ,N;m Therefore Se#tion is singly reinfor#ed. M u 7bd 2 G<9.2051+ 6 7@-++569+ 2 A
G2.10 <.*/ =RS ' t G1.11-H A st G++ mm 2 / 'ro2ide ;O2 mm 8 -;O16 mm at bottom fa#e/ Area .ro2ided G 21* mm 2 ! dt G < 5 2 G12-9 mm 0 Curtailment All bottom bars &ill be #ontinued u. to the end of #antile2er. The bottom bars of ; R 2 &ill be #urtailed at a distan#e d @G 69+ mmA from the .oint of #ontra fle5ure @V G 69+ mmA in the .ortion (B &ith its distan#e from the #entre of su..ort e)ual to 16+ mm from (. Cantile%er portion "C !ength of #antile2er from the fa#e of #olumn G<++;0+72 G *20 mm =ltimate moment G 0- 5 +.*202 72 G < ,N;m M u 7bd 2 G<51+ 6 7@-++569+2A G+.02 <.*/ =RS ' t G+.2-0H @Jreater than minimum steelA A st G66+ mm 2
'ro2ide - ; R 16 mm at bottom fa#e/ Area .ro2ided G 9+- mm 2 Continue all - bars of 16 mm diameter through out at bottom. 6 Region "B between points of contra fle+ures The beam a#ts as an isolated T; beam. b f G M! o 7@ ! o 7 b 8-AN 8 b & / &here/ ! o G -.6 ; +.2+6 ; +.69 G .*1- m G *1- mm bG a#tual &idth of flange G 2+++ mm/ b & G -++ mm b f G
M*1-7@*1-72+++8-A 8 -++N G1+-mm S 2+++mm D f G2++ mm/ M u G 629 ,N;m Moment of resistan#e M uf of a beam for 5 u G D f is $ M uf G M+.6 5 20 51+- 5 2++@69+ ; +.-252++AN51+ ;6
G 11+< ,N.m Q M u @ G 629 ,N;mA * Therefore F u SD f M u G+.9*f y A st @d ; f y A st 7f #, b f A A st G -0-2 mm 2 'ro2ide 0 bars of R 2 mm and bars of R 16 mm/ Area .ro2ided G -+21 8 6+ G -62- mm 2 Q-0-2 mm 2
. t G 1++ 5 -62-7@-++569+A G 1.* H 9 Curtailment$ Consider that 2 ; R 2 mm are to be #urtailed No. of bars to be #ontinued G ; R16 8 ; R 2 gi2ing area G A st G+16 mm 2 Moment of resistan#e of #ontinuing bars M ur G @+.9* 5 20+ 5 +16 @69+ E @@20+ 5 +16A 7 @20 5 -++A 5 1+ ;6
G <6.6 ,N;m !et the theoreti#al .oint of #urtailment be at a distan#e 5 from the free end C/ Then/ M u# G M ur Therefore ;0- 5 2 7 2 8 1+0+ @5; +.<A G <6.6 5 2 ;0.<5 8 *.09 G+/ Therefore 5 G -.+6m or 1.96m from C < A#tual .oint of #urtailment G -.+6 8 +.69 G -.*- m from C or 1.96 ; +.69 G 1.19 m from C Terminate 2 ; O 2 mm bars at a distan#e of 29+ mm @G 119+ ; <++A from the #olumn A and *6+mm @G 00++ ; -*-+A from #olumn (. Remaining bars ; O 2 shall be #ontinued beyond the .oint of infle#tion for a distan#e of 69+ mm i.e. -6+ mm from #olumn A and u. to the outer fa#e of #olumn (. Remaining bars of ; O 16 #ontinued in the #antile2er .ortion. -+ Design of shear reinforcement Portion between column i.e. "B 3n this #ase the #ra#, due to diagonal tension &ill o##ur at the .oint of #ontra fle5ure be#ause the distan#e of the .oint of #ontra fle5ure from the #olumn is less than the effe#ti2e de.th d@G 69+mmA ,i- &a+imum shear force at B . / uma+ . 010.* 2 Shear at the .oint of #ontra fle5ure G D uD ; 9<9.2;0- 5 +.69 G 60*.-9 ,N P 2 G60*+++7@-++569+A G2.-2 M'a < P 78#a9% -1 Area of steel a2ailable ; O 16 8 ; O 2 / A st G +16 mm 2 . t G 1++ 5 +16 7 @-++ 5 69+A G 1.1H P # G+.66-M'a P 2 Q P # Design shear reinfor#ement is re)uired. =sing 12 mm diameter - ; legged stirru.s/ S.a#ingG M+.9* 5 20+5@-511AN 7@2.-2;+.66-A5-++ G1< mm say 12+ mm #7# Wone of shear reinfor#ements bet&een P 2 to P # G m from su..ort ( to&ards A -2 ,ii- &a+imum shear force at " . / u ma+ . 345.6 2. Shear at the .oint #ontra fle5ure G D uD G *1.- ; +.2+6
5 0- G 609.0 ,N P 2 G6090++7@-++569+A G2.-2M'a < P #/ma5. Area of steel a2ailable G -62- mm 2 / . t G 1++ 5 -62- 7 @-++ X 69+A G 1.* H P u# G +.**2 N7 mm 2 / P 2 Q P # - Design shear reinfor#ement is re)uired. =sing 12 mm diameter - ; legged stirru.s/ S.a#ing G +.9* 5 20+ 5 @- 5 11A 7@2.-2;+.**-A5-++ G1-< mm say 1-+ mm #7# Wone of shear reinfor#ement. From A to ( for a distan#e as sho&n in figure For the remaining #entral .ortion of 1.99 m .ro2ide minimum shear reinfor#ement using 12 mm diameter 2 ; legged stirru.s at S.a#ing / s G +.9* 5 20+ 5 @2 5 11A7@+.- 5 -++AG+*.2 mm/ Say ++ mm #7#S +.*0d -- Cantile2er .ortion (D D uma5 G 6+1.9,N/ D uD G6+1.9;0-@+.-++72 8 +.69+A G 2<+.29,N. P 2 G2<+29+7@-++569+A G1.+6*M'a < P #/ma5. A st G 21* mm 2 and . t G 1++ 5 21*7@-++ 5 69+A G 1.19H P # G+.69N7mm 2 @Table 3S$-06;2+++A P 2 Q P # and P 2 ; P # <+.-. 'ro2ide minimum steel. =sing 12 mm diameter 2; legged stirru.s/ S.a#ing G +.9* 5 20+ 5 @2 5 11A 7@+.-5-++A G+*.2 mm say ++ mm #7# -0 Cantile2er .ortion AC Minimum shear reinfor#ement of R 12 mm diameters 2 ; legged stirru.s at ++mm #7# &ill be suffi#ient in the #antile2er .ortions of the beam as the shear is 2ery less. -6 &'$9&'$ )$$9)$$ :"/;&$$8 /L St :"/;"/$8 )L St :"/;&$$8 /L St :"/;")$8 )L St :"/;&$$8 /L St <'1:&/ 2 &1 :"-= &1 :"- &1:&/ 2 )1:"- $%+ # )%- # "%, # <&1:&/ 2 &1 :"- &1 :"- Side >a7e /1 :"/ -* '1?&/ &1?"- C*S at Centre C*S at t@e !un7tion <Aig@t o> B= )$$ )$$ ,'$ ,'$ /$$ /$$$ &1?"- &1?&/ )1?"- )1?"- -9 ,/$$ ## /