Tutorial On Multi Access OFDM (OFDMA) Technology: Name Company Address Phone Email

1 Runcom Technologies Ltd.
Submission
Eli Sofer, Runcom
January 2005 Doc.: IEEE802.22-05-0005r0
Slide 1
Tutorial on Multi Access OFDM (OFDMA) Technology
IEEE P802.22 Wireless RANs Date: 2005-01-04
Name Company Address Phone email
li So!er "unco#
Technologies
2 $acho#a St%& '5(55
"ishon )e*ion& +srael
,-'2 . -52/440
eliso!er0runco#%co%il
1ossi Segal "unco#
Technologies
2& acho#a St% '5(55
"ishon )e*ion& +srael
,-'2 . -52 /440
yossis0runco#%co%il

Authors :
Notie: This docu#ent has 2een 3re3ared to assist + /02%22% +t is o!!ered as a 2asis !or discussion and is not 2inding on the contri2uting indi4idual(s) or
organi*ation(s)% The #aterial in this docu#ent is su25ect to change in !or# and content a!ter !urther study% The contri2utor(s) reser4e(s) the right to add& a#end or
6ithdra6 #aterial contained herein%
Release: The contri2utor grants a !ree& irre4oca2le license to the + to incor3orate #aterial contained in this contri2ution& and any #odi!ications thereo!& in the
creation o! an + Standards 3u2lication7 to co3yright in the +8s na#e any + Standards 3u2lication e4en though it #ay include 3ortions o! this contri2ution7
and at the +8s sole discretion to 3er#it others to re3roduce in 6hole or in 3art the resulting + Standards 3u2lication% The contri2utor also ac9no6ledges and
acce3ts that this contri2ution #ay 2e #ade 3u2lic 2y + /02%22%
Patent Poliy and Proedures: The contri2utor is !a#iliar 6ith the + /02 :atent :olicy and :rocedures http:!!standards.ieee.or"!"uides!#yla$s!s#%#yla$s.pd&
including the state#ent ;+ standards #ay include the 9no6n use o! 3atent(s)& including 3atent a33lications& 3ro4ided the + recei4es assurance !ro# the 3atent
holder or a33licant 6ith res3ect to 3atents essential !or co#3liance 6ith 2oth #andatory and o3tional 3ortions o! the standard%; arly disclosure to the <or9ing =rou3
o! 3atent in!or#ation that #ight 2e rele4ant to the standard is essential to reduce the 3ossi2ility !or delays in the de4elo3#ent 3rocess and increase the li9elihood that
the dra!t 3u2lication 6ill 2e a33ro4ed !or 3u2lication% :lease noti!y the >hair
Carl R. 'te(enson as early as 3ossi2le& in 6ritten or electronic !or#& i! 3atented technology (or technology under 3atent a33lication) #ight 2e incor3orated into a dra!t
standard 2eing de4elo3ed 6ithin the + /02%22 <or9ing =rou3% I& you ha(e )uestions* ontat the IEEE Patent Committee Administrator at patom+iee.or".
,
Submission
Eli Sofer, Runcom
Slide 2
A2stract
The contri2ution 3resents a tutorial on Multi Access OFDM (OFDMA) technology 6hich has 2een
endorsed in leading standards such as- TS+ D?@-">T and +/02%1(a&d and 1(e% ssential
3ara#eters o! A3)in9 and Do6n)in9 and si#ulation results are 3resented% Syste# ca3a2ilities
and ad4antages are also discussed% The tutorial could o!!er an insight and understanding o!
OFDMA technology to 2e considered as a candidate !or <"AB syste#
- Runcom Technologies Ltd.
Submission
Eli Sofer, Runcom
Slide .
.utorial on
/ulti Aess 01D/ 201D/A3
.ehnolo"y

Eli 'o&er
Runom .ehnolo"ies 4td
Submission
Eli Sofer, Runcom
Slide 4
Contents
C
OFDMA Syste# Architecture
C
+llustrated Da#3le
C
OFDMA Syste# :ro3erties
C
>o4erage and >a3acity
Submission
Eli Sofer, Runcom
Slide 5
01D/A 'ystem
Arhiteture
Submission
Eli Sofer, Runcom
Slide (
C
Du3leDing TechniEue
FDDFTDD
C
Multi3le Access Method
TDMAFOFDMA
OFDM Sy#2ols allocated 2y TDMA
Su2->arriers 6ithin an OFDM Sy#2ol allocated 2y OFDMA
C
Di4ersity
FreEuency& Ti#e& >ode (>: and @S)& S3ace Ti#e
>oding& Antenna Array
Submission
Eli Sofer, Runcom
Slide '
1DD (FreEuency Di4ision Du3leDing ) Ases One FreEuency
!or the Do6n)in9& and a Second FreEuency !or the
A3)in9%
.DD (ti#e Di4ision Du3leDing) Ases the sa#e !reEuency
!or the Do6nlin9 and the A3lin9%
+n any con!iguration the access #ethod is OFDMAFTDMA %
F2 - Frequency ban
!"#in$
F% - Frequency ban
Do&n#in$
FDD
F% - Frequency ban
!"#in$
F% - Frequency ban
Do&n#in$
'DD
Duplexing - Principles
Submission
Eli Sofer, Runcom
Slide /
Asing OFDMAFTDMA& Su2 >hannels are allocated in the
FreEuency Do#ain& and OFDM Sy#2ols allocated in the
Ti#e Do#ain %
OFDMA-TDMA Principles
'D()
'D()*+FD()
,
-
m
Submission
Eli Sofer, Runcom
Slide -
DownLink OFDMA Symbol
'o,al Frequency .an
/uar .an
/uar .an
Symbol 0ilo,s
Sub-12annel Da,a 1arriers
Submission
Eli Sofer, Runcom
Slide 10
C
@urst Structure is de!ined !ro# one Su2-channel in the
FreEuency do#ain and n OFDMA ti#e sy#2ols in the
ti#e do#ain& each 2urst consists o! B data #odulated
carriers%
C
Ada3ti4e Modulation and >oding 3er Su2->hannel in
the Do6n-)in9
C
For6ard A:> controlling (,(d@) G (-(d@) digital gain
on the trans#itted Su2->hannel
C
Su33orting o3tional S3ace Ti#e >oding e#3loying
Ala#outi ST>%
C
Su33orting o3tional Ada3ti4e Array%
DownLink Specification
Submission
Eli Sofer, Runcom
Slide 11
C
FFT si*e H 204/
C
=uard +nter4als H I& 1F/& 1F1(& 1F.2
C
>oding MandatoryH concatenated "S =F(25() and
>on4olutional coding (9J'&=1J1'1&=2J1..& 9ee3ing
o4erall coding rate to J K& L
C
>oding O3tionalH >on4olutional Tur2o >ode (>T>)&
Tur2o :roduct >ode (T:>) 6ith coding rates close to
J K& L
C
M:SN& 1(MAM& (4MAM #odulation
C
Modulo 4& :ilot 2ased Sy#2ol Structure%
C
.2 Su2->hannels o! 4/ data carriers each
xample- DownLink Specification
Submission
Eli Sofer, Runcom
Slide 12
Downlink Pilot an! Data "arriers Allocation Sc#eme
0
12
sy#2ol
indeD
n
n,1
)J0
)J2
carrier indeD
?aria2le )ocation :ilot FiDed-location :ilot Data Allocation NeyH
n,2 )J1
n,. )J.
n,4 )J0
ti#e
24 N
used
-1
0 ( 1/
N
used
-1
0 . 15 N
used
-1
0 - 21 N
used
-1
0
N
used
-1
.0
2'
12 24
1- Runcom Technologies Ltd.
Submission
Eli Sofer, Runcom
Slide 1.
Space Time "o!ing
TD
di4ersity
encoder
+FFT DA> Filter "F
+FFT DA> Filter "F
Su2carrier
#odulation
+FFT in3ut
3ac9ing
TD
"D
"F DA> Filter FFT
Di4ersity
>o#2iner
Su2-
channel
de#od%
)og-
)i9elihood
ratios
Decoder
Submission
Eli Sofer, Runcom
Slide 14
$pLink OFDMA Symbol
'o,al Frequency .an
/uar .an
/uar .an
Da,a 1arriers
Sub-12annel 3%
0ilo,s 1arriers
Sub-12annel 3%
Da,a 1arriers
Sub-12annel 34
0ilo,s 1arriers
Sub-12annel 3%
Submission
Eli Sofer, Runcom
Slide 15
C
@urst Structure is de!ined !ro# one Su2-channel in the
FreEuency do#ain and . OFDMA ti#e sy#2ols in the
ti#e do#ain& each 2urst consists o! 144 data
#odulated carriers%
C
Ada3ti4e Modulation and >oding 3er Aser in the
A3)in9
C
Aser >an 2e allocated 1 u3 to .2 Su2->hannels
C
2 Su2->hannels are used as the "anging Su2->hannels
!or Aser "anging and !ast @and-<idth "eEuest%
xample of $pLink Specification
Submission
Eli Sofer, Runcom
Slide 1(
C
FFT si*e H 204/
C
=uard +nter4als H I& 1F/& 1F1(& 1F.2
C
>oding MandatoryH concatenated "S =F(25() and
>on4olutional coding (9J'&=1J1'1&=2J1..& 9ee3ing
o4erall coding rate to J K& L
C
>oding O3tionalH >on4olutional Tur2o >ode (>T>)&
Tur2o :roduct >ode (T:>) 6ith coding rates close to J
K& L
C
M:SN& 1(MAM& (4MAM #odulation
C
Modulo 1.& :ilot 2ased Su2->hannel Structure%
C
.2 Su2->hannels o! 5. carriers each& 5 carriers used as
3ilots& 4/ carriers used !or data
xample of $pLink Specification
Submission
Eli Sofer, Runcom
Slide 1'
xample for $pLink Sub-"#annel Pilot an!
Data "arriers Allocation Sc#eme
0 1. 2( 2' 40 52
2( 2/ 42 15 0 2 52
sy#2ol
indeD
n
n,1
)J0
)J2
!reEuency
?aria2le )ocation :ilot FiDed-location :ilot Data Allocation NeyH
2( .0 44 1' 0 4 52
n,2 )J4
2( 4- .( 22 0 - 52
n,11 )J-
2( ./ 51 24 0 11 52
n,12 )J11
0 1. 2( 2' 40 52
n,1. )J0
ti#e
Submission
Eli Sofer, Runcom
Slide 1/
Frequency ban
1 2 3 30 31 32
bloc$ %
1
2
3
eac2 5rou" con,ains
56 carriers
C
All usa2le carriers are di4ided into .2 carrier grou3s
na#ed 2asic grou3& each #ain grou3 contains 5. 2asic
grou3s%
$sing Special Permutations for carrier allocation
Submission
Eli Sofer, Runcom
Slide 1-
!ser 3%
'o,al Frequency ban
!ser 32
/uar .an /uar .an
0
5 5 2% 22 2 %0 %
!ser % 7 0,5,2,%0,8,20,8,%9,%:,%%,;, 22 ,%8,2%,%6,%;,6,%5,:,9,%2,%8,%
!ser 2 7 2,%0,8,20,8,%9,%:,%%,;,22,%8, 2% ,%6,%;,6,%5,:,9,%2,%8,%,0,5
C
>arriers are allocated 2y a 2asic series and it8s cyclic 3er#utations
!or eDa#3leH
C
@asic SeriesH
0&5&2&10&4&20&/&1'&1(&11&-&22&1/&21&1.&1-&.&15&(&'&12&14&1
C
A!ter t6o cyclic 3er#utations 6e getH
2&10&4&20&/&1'&1(&11&-&22&1/&21&1.&1-&.&15&(&'&12&14&1&0&5
Submission
Eli Sofer, Runcom
Slide 20
C
The >arriers o! each Su2->hannel are s3read all o4er the
usa2le !reEuency !or 2est !reEuency di4ersity
C
The allocation 2y 3er#utation gi4es an eDcellent "euse
!actor - al#ost 1%
C
The allocation 2y 3er#utation gi4e an eDcellent
inter!erence s3reading and a4eraging%
Submission
Eli Sofer, Runcom
Slide 21
C
The >DMA li9e synchroni*ation is achie4ed 2y
allocating se4eral o! the usa2le Su2->hannels !or the
"anging 3rocess& the logic unit they consist is called a
"anging Su2->hannel%
C
Onto the "anging Su2->hannel users #odulate a :seudo
Boise (:B) seEuence using @:SN #odulation
C
The @ase Station detects the di!!erent seEuences and uses
the >+" that he deri4es !ro# the seEuences !orH
G
Ti#e and 3o6er synchroni*ation
G
Decide on the user #odulation and coding
$sing "DMA like mo!ulation for %anging
Submission
Eli Sofer, Runcom
Slide 22
C
Aloha 4s% >DMA @< reEuest (.2 codes)
G >DMA e!!iciency is 2etter 2y a !actor o! siD
G >DMA latency is 2etter 2y a !actor o! !our
D&'-%"T MA" Performance
0 % 2 6 8 5 : 9 8 ; %0
0
0.5
%
%.5
2
2.5
1ollision e4"ec,a,ion <alue
S
u
c
e
s
s
f
u
l

.
=

r
e
q
u
e
s
,
s

"
e
r

s
l
o
,
Submission
Eli Sofer, Runcom
Slide 2.
Illustrated E:ample
Submission
Eli Sofer, Runcom
Slide 24
C
Su2scri2er Anits at the >urrent OFDMA Sy#2ol J .
C
Su2->hannels Allocated to Su2scri2er-Anit O1 J 12
C
Su2->hannels Allocated to Su2scri2er-Anit O2 J -
C
Su2->hannels Allocated to Su2scri2er-Anit O. J (
C
Bu#2er O! Be6 Su2scri2er-Anits "eEuesting Ser4ices J .
All 'u#sri#er%;nits 'u&&er Di&&erent /ulti%Paths and
di&&erent Attenuation<s
xample
Submission
Eli Sofer, Runcom
Slide 25
C
>onstellation at the @ase Station
xample
Submission
Eli Sofer, Runcom
Slide 2(
C
Asers Se3aration
xample
Submission
Eli Sofer, Runcom
Slide 2'
C
Aser sti#ation
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Constellation to Estiamte
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Estimated vec
xample - %esults
Submission
Eli Sofer, Runcom
Slide 2/
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Estimated vec
C Aser sti#ation
%esults
Submission
Eli Sofer, Runcom
Slide 2-
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Estimated vec
C Aser sti#ation
%esults
-0 Runcom Technologies Ltd.
Submission
Eli Sofer, Runcom
Slide .0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Despreading on All Users
C Finding Be6 Su2scri2er-Anits "eEuesting Ser4ices& Asing the
"anging :ilots (>DMAFOFDM TechniEues)
%esults
Submission
Eli Sofer, Runcom
Slide .1
OFDMA Syste# -
:ro3erties
Submission
Eli Sofer, Runcom
Slide .2
In,erference
!ser Sub1arriers
)lloca,ion
Sub1arriers
In,erference
Sub1arriers
-ulle
Sub1arriers
'o,al Frequency ban
C
Barro62and +nter!erence "e5ection
G
asy to A4oidF"e5ect Barro62and Do#inant +nter!erence %
G
)ess +nter!ered :art o! the >arrier >an Still @e Ased %
(nterference %e)ection*A+oi!ance
-- Runcom Technologies Ltd.
Submission
Eli Sofer, Runcom
Slide ..
C
Asing sha3ing on the signal 3ea9s
C
)i#iting the :A:" to a constant 4alue 2y
4ector reduction
PAP% %e!uction
Submission
Eli Sofer, Runcom
Slide .4
+FD(
Sin5le 1arrier
Sc2eme
8 (>?
-80
Frequency
@(>?A
.
C
"ectangular S3ectru# Sha3e (@ric9 <all)
C
S#all FreEuency =uard 2and
Spectrum Properties
Submission
Eli Sofer, Runcom
Slide .5
Spectrum Properties
Submission
Eli Sofer, Runcom
Slide .(
+n OFDM& channel i#3air#ent are sol4ed in the sa#e
6ay =rou3 Delays are sol4ed& 2y >hannel
esti#ation
,roup Delay
Submission
Eli Sofer, Runcom
Slide .'
:hase Boise !!ect on
OFDM
:hase Boise !!ect on
S%>
P#ase -oise ffects
Submission
Eli Sofer, Runcom
Slide ./
C
Ti#ing Sensiti4ity
)o6 ti#ing sensiti4ity is needed& and si#3le 3hase and channel
esti#ators sol4e ti#ing 3ro2le#s %
C
FreEuency Sensiti4ity
sol4ed 2y loc9ing onto the @ase-Station trans#ission and deri4ing
the Su2scri2er Anit8s cloc9s !ro# it %
C
Euali*ation
Bo Euali*ers are needed& channel i#3air#ent and ti#ing
3ro2le#s are 2oth sol4ed 6ith si#3le 3hase and channel
esti#ators
Submission
Eli Sofer, Runcom
Slide .-
Syste# >o4erage and
>a3acity
Submission
Eli Sofer, Runcom
Slide 40
@y allocating di!!erent Su2->hannels to di!!erent sectors
6e can reach reuse !actor o! 1 6ith u3 to 12 sectors
(changing the 3olarity enhances the 3er!or#ance)
>ori?on,al
Sub-2annel
s Se, %
F%
Ber,ical
Sub-2annel
s Se, %
F%
B
e
r
,
i
c
a
l
S
u
b
-
2
a
n
n
e
l
s

S
e
,

2
F
%
>
o
r
i
?
o
n
,
a
l
S
u
b
-
2
a
n
n
e
l
s

S
e
,

2
F
%
$sing %euse Factor of .
Submission
Eli Sofer, Runcom
Slide 41
Ase #odulations 6ith 4arious @itF$* ca3a2ilities as
Ada3ti4e B-MAM%
Ase Ada3ti4e F> (>on4olutional P "eed-Solo#on or
Tur2o code)
MaDi#al !reEuency reuse 2et6een cellsFsectors (close
to 1)%
MaDi#u# sectors allocation%
The use o! statistical Multi3leDing and concentration%
Ada3ti4e >arrier Allocations%
Ada3ti4e :o6er >ontrol
"apacity
Submission
Eli Sofer, Runcom
Slide 42
+FD( 1ells
@:8 moeA
+FD() 1ell
@2$ moeA
:8C)( users
%:C)( users
C0SD users
"o+erage
Submission
Eli Sofer, Runcom
Slide 4.
"o+erage - Simulations
Submission
Eli Sofer, Runcom
Slide 44
Multi Sector >o4erage& . Sectors& . FreEuencies& achie4es
2%/@itsFsF$*F>ell& 22%5M23sFSector
Submission
Eli Sofer, Runcom
Slide 45
Multi Sector >o4erage& ( Sectors& ( FreEuencies& achie4es
2%/@itsFsF$*F>ell& 22%5M23sFSector
Submission
Eli Sofer, Runcom
Slide 4(
C
A4eraging inter!erenceQs !ro# neigh2oring cells& 2y using di!!erent
2asic carrier 3er#utations 2et6een users in di!!erent cells%
C
+nter!erence8s 6ithin the cell are a4eraged 2y using allocation 6ith
cyclic 3er#utations%
C
na2les orthogonality in the u3lin9 2y synchroni*ing users in ti#e
and !reEuency%
C
na2les Multi3ath #itigation 6ithout using Euali*ers and training
seEuences%
C
na2les Single FreEuency Bet6or9 co4erage& 6here co4erage
3ro2le# eDists and gi4es eDcellent co4erage%
OFDMA Advantages- Summa! "1#
Submission
Eli Sofer, Runcom
Slide 4'
OFDMA Advantages - Summa! "2#
C
na2les s3atial di4ersity 2y using antenna di4ersity at the @ase
Station and 3ossi2le at the Su2scri2er Anit%
C
na2les ada3ti4e #odulation !or e4ery user M:SN& 1(MAM&
(4MAM and 25(MAM%
C
na2les ada3ti4e carrier allocation in #ulti3lication o! 2. carriers
J nR2. carriers u3 to 15/' carriers (all data carriers)%
C
O!!ers FreEuency di4ersity 2y s3reading the carriers all o4er the
used s3ectru#%
C
O!!ers Ti#e di4ersity 2y o3tional interlea4ing o! carrier grou3s in
ti#e%
Submission
Eli Sofer, Runcom
Slide 4/
OFDMA Advantages - Summa! "3#
C
Asing the cell ca3acity to the ut#ost 2y ada3ti4ely using
the highest #odulation a user can use& this is allo6ed 2y
the gain added 6hen less carriers are allocated (u3 to
1/d@ gain !or 2. carrier allocation instead o! 15/'
carriers)& there!ore gaining in o4erall cell ca3acity%
C
The 3o6er gain can 2e translated to distance - . ti#es the
distance !or "
4
and / ti#e !or "
2
!or )OS conditions%
C
na2ling the usage o! +ndoor O#ni Directional antennas
!or the users%
C
MA> co#3leDity is the sa#e as !or TDMA syste#s%
Submission
Eli Sofer, Runcom
Slide 4-
OFDMA Advantages - Summa! "$#
C
Allocating carrier 2y OFDMAFTDMA strategy%
C
Mini#al delay 3er OFDMA sy#2ol o! .00sec%
C
Asing S#all 2urst 3er user o! a2out 100 sy#2ols !or
2etter statistical #ulti3leDing and s#aller 5itter%
C
Aser sy#2ol is se4eral ti#es longer then !or TDMA
syste#s%
C
Asing the F> to the out#ost 2y error detection o!
distur2ed !reEuencies%

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