engine classification

construction & working

(2012-2013)
Presented By
Satish Navale
(Mechanical Engineering.)
Classification
1
Construction
2
Working
3
Pv-diagram for outto cycle
4
Types of engine
5
Conclusion
6

Intake Stroke

Compression Stroke

Power Stroke

Exhaust Stroke
Rotation of the crankshaft pulls the
piston down.
At this time, the intake valve is
opened, allowing
the piston to draw an air/fuel charge
into the combustion chamber. As the
piston nears the bottom of the stroke,
the intake valve closes, sealing the
charge in the combustion chamber.







As the crankshaft rotation continues, the
piston is pushed up towards the top of the
cylinder, compressing the air/fuel mixture.
In modern engines the 'compression ratio'
is about 8 to 1, meaning the entire
contents of the combustion chamber is
compressed into an area of about one
eighth of its original size. The older
stationary engines had compression ratios
in the neighborhood of 4 or 5 to 1.
Generally, the higher the compression
ratio, the more power is obtained from the
engine, that is until poor quality and/or
low octane values of the fuel begins to
have an adverse effect on the combustion.
This usually causes the fuel to "diesel" or
combust uncontrollably, sometimes called
Detonation.


Typically, just before the piston reaches its top
most position (Top Dead Center or TDC) , the
ignition system ignites the now compressed air/fuel
charge. Though, in human terms, this burning of
the fuel seems more like an instantaneous
explosion, it is actually, in a properly running
engine, a smooth, rapid flame front that moves
from the source of the ignition (spark plug, ignitor,
etc.) to all points within the combustion chamber.
If the fuel is ignited from several different points
due to deposits in the combustion chamber, poor
quality fuel or engine problems, several flame
fronts can be generated and will collide with each
other making what is heard as the common
"pinging" sound, sometimes called Preignition. The
pressure inside the cylinder increases dramatically
because of the combustion taking place and this
pressure forces the piston down, which causes the
crankshaft to rotate providing usable power
output.


By the time the piston is forced most of
the way down the cylinder, nearly all of
the usable energy created from the
burning fuel has been used. At this
point, the exhaust valve begins to open
and as the crankshaft rotation
continues, the rising piston forces the
spent gases out of the cylinder and into
the exhaust system. Just prior to the
piston reaching TDC, the exhaust valve
closes and shortly thereafter, the intake
valve reopens to start the process over.


Otto cycle is the typical cycle for most of the
cars internal combustion engines, that work
using gasoline as a fuel. Otto cycle is exactly
the same one that was described for the
four-stroke engine. It consists of the same
four major steps: Intake, compression,
ignition and exhaust .
PV diagram for Otto cycle

v
p
s=c
s=c
v=c
v=c
1
2
3
4

On the PV-diagram ,
1-2 Isentropic Compression stroke .
2-3 Heat addition stroke .
3-4 Isentropic expansion process.
4-1 Heat rejection.
The distance between points 1-2 is the stroke of the
engine. By dividing V1/V2, we get :r=v1/v2
where r is called the compression ratio of the engine. The
efficiency is taken to be :

= 1
1
r
(
1
)
K =
C
P
C
V

In line.
V.
Flat.
Radial.
Thanks