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Channel in Digital Communication
Channel in Digital Communication
Channel in Digital Communication
\
|
=
<0
Model Parameters from
Empirical Measurements
Fit model to data
Path loss (K,), d
0
known:
Best fit line through dB data
K obtained from measurements at d
0
.
Exponent is MMSE estimate based on data
Captures mean due to shadowing
Shadowing variance
Variance of data relative to path loss model
(straight line) with MMSE estimate for
P
r
(dB)
log(d)
10
K (dB)
log(d
0
)
o
2
Small-Scale Multipath Propagation
The three most important effects
Rapid changes in signal strength over a small travel distance or time
interval
Random frequency modulation due to varying Doppler shifts on
different multipath signals
Time dispersion caused by multipath propagation delays
Factors influencing small-scale fading
Multipath propagation: reflection objects and scatters
Speed of the mobile: Doppler shifts
Speed of surrounding objects
Transmission bandwidth of the signal
The received signal will be distorted if the transmission bandwidth is
greater than the bandwidth of the multipath channel.
Coherent bandwidth: bandwidth of the multipath channel.
Statistical Multipath Model
Random # of multipath components, each with
Random amplitude
Random phase
Random Doppler shift
Random delay
Random components change with time
Leads to time-varying channel impulse response
Time Varying Impulse Response
Response of channel at t to impulse at t-t:
t is time when impulse response is observed
t-t is time when impulse put into the channel
t is how long ago impulse was put into the
channel for the current observation
path delay for MP component currently observed
)) ( ( ) ( ) , (
1
) (
t e t t c
n
N
n
t j
n
n
t t o o t
=
9 =
=
) (
0
) ( 2
) ( ) ( ) (
t N
n
t j
n
t f j
n c
e t e t u t r
| t
o
In-Phase and Quadrature
under CLT Approximation
In phase and quadrature signal components:
For N(t) large, r
I
(t) and r
Q
(t) jointly Gaussian by
CLT (sum of large # of random vars).
Received signal characterized by its mean,
autocorrelation, and cross correlation.
If
n
(t) uniform, the in-phase/quad components are
mean zero, indep., and stationary.
), 2 cos( ) ( ) (
) (
0
) (
t f e t t r
c
t N
n
t j
n I
n
t o
|
=
) 2 sin( ) ( ) (
) (
0
) (
t f e t t r
c
t N
n
t j
n Q
n
t o
|
=
Auto and Cross Correlation
(Section 3.2.1)
Assume |
n
~U[0,2t]
Recall that u
n
is the multipath arrival angle
Autocorrelation of inphase/quad signal is
Cross Correlation of inphase/quad signal is
Autocorrelation of received signal is
u t t t t
u
/ cos ], 2 [cos ) ( ) (
n D D r r
v f f PE A A
n n n Q I
= = =
) ( ] 2 [sin ) (
, ,
t t t t
u
Q I n n Q I
r r D r r
A f PE A = =
) 2 sin( ) ( ) 2 cos( ) ( ) (
,
t t t t t t t
c r r c r r
f A f A A
Q I I
=
Envelope and Power Distributions
Main Points
Path loss and shadowing parameters are obtained
from empirical measurements
Statistical multipath model leads to a time-varying
channel impulse response
Narrowband model has in-phase and quad. comps
that are zero-mean stationary Gaussian processes
Auto and cross correlation depends on AOAs of multipath