1.

Inggit Dwi Wismoyowati (52134120

2. Fitiyatun Nur Jannah (5213412006)
3. Nur Rofiah (52134120
4. Siti Nur Afifah (52134120
The important characteristics of a powder can
be categorized into four groups:
1. physical characteristics,
2. chemical composition,
3. phase composition, and
4. surface characteristics
Types of Particles
1. Primary Particles
A primary particle is a discrete, low-porosity
unit that can be either a single crystal, a
polycrystalline particle, or a glass. If any
pores are present, they are isolated from each
other.

2. Agglomerates
An agglomerate is a cluster of primary
particles held together by surface forces, by
liquid, or by a solid bridge. Agglomerates are
porous, with the pores being generally
interconnected.
Agglomerates classified into two types:
soft agglomerates.
Soft agglomerates are held together by fairly
weak surface forces and can be broken down into
primary particles by ultrasonic agitation in a
liquid.
hard agglomerates
Hard agglomerates consist of primary particles
that are chemically bonded by solid bridges; they
therefore cannot be broken down into primary
particles by ultrasonic agitation in a liquid
3. Particles
Particles can be viewed as small units that move
as separate entities when the powder is
dispersed by agitation and can consist of primary
particles, agglomerates, or some combination of
the two.
4. Granules
The term granules refers to large agglomerates
(1001000 m in size) that are deliberately formed
by the addition of a granulating agent (e.g., a
polymer-based binder) to the powder, followed
by tumbling or spray drying.
5. Flocs
Flocs are clusters of particles in a liquid
suspension. The formation of flocs is undesirable
because it decreases the packing homogeneity of
the consolidated body.
6. Colloids
A colloid is any system consisting of a finely
divided phase in a fluid. A colloidal suspension
(or sol) consists of fine particles dispersed in a
liquid. The particles, referred to as colloidal
particles. The size range for colloidal particles is
approximately 1 nm to 1 m.
7. Aggregates
An aggregate is a coarse constituent in a
mixture, which usually also contains a fine
constituent called the bond. Pebbles in
concrete are an example, with the fine
cement particles forming the bond.
Definition of Particle Size
For a spherical particle, the diameter is taken as
the size. However, the size of an irregularly
shaped particle is a rather uncertain quantity.
One simple definition of the size of an irregularly
shaped particle is the diameter of the sphere
having the same volume as the particle. If an
irregularly shaped particle is allowed to settle in
a liquid, its terminal velocity may be compared
with that for a sphere of the same density
settling under similar conditions.
Rata- rata ukuran partikel







Dimana : Xi= ukuran partikel (diameter partikel),
ni =nomor ukuran partikel


Particle Shape
Particle shape influences the flow properties and
packing of powders as well as their interaction
with fluids (e.g., viscosity of a suspension)
for the fairly simple geometries the quantitative
characterization of particle shape can be fairly
complex
For elongated particles, the most common way of
representing the shape is in terms of the aspect
ratio, defined as the ratio of the longest
dimension to the shortest dimension.


Measurement of
Particle Size and
Size
Distribution
Microscopy Sieving
Sedimentation
Electrical
Sensing Zone
Techniques
(the Coulter
Counter)
Light Scattering
X-ray Line
Broadening
Microscopy is a fairly straightforward
technique that offers the advantage of direct
measurement of the particle size coupled
with simultaneous observation of the
individual particles, their shape, and the
extent of agglomeration. It usually forms the
first step in the characterization of ceramic
powders. Optical microscopes can be used
for particle sizes down to 1 m

The use of sieves for separating particles into
fractions with various size ranges.
The particles are classified in terms of their
ability or inability to pass through an aperture
with a controlled size. Sieves with openings
between approximately 20 m and 10 mm
are constructed with wire mesh and are
identified in terms of a mesh size and a
corresponding aperture size.
Sieving may be carried out in the dry or wet
state by hand or by a machine.

In the sedimentation method, the powder
may be introduced as a thin layer on top of a
column of clear liquid (sometimes referred to
a two-layer or linestart technique), or it may
be uniformly dispersed in the liquid (the
homogeneous suspension technique). The
particle size distribution is determined by
measuring the change in concentration (or
density) of the suspension as a function of
time, height along the suspension, or both.

In the Coulter counter, the number and size
of particles suspended in an electrolyte are
measured by causing them to flow through a
narrow orifice on either side of which an
electrode is immersed
As a particle passes through the orifice, it
displaces an equivalent volume of the
electrolyte and causes a change in the
electrical resistance, the magnitude of which
is proportional to the volume of the particle.

For a system of fine particles dispersed in a
liquid or gas, measurement of Is provides a
versatile and powerful technique for determining
particle size data.
Large particles tend to reflect light back toward
the source in much the same way as this page
backscatters light towards the readers eyes.
The particle size is decreased towards the
wavelength of the light, there is a greater
tendency for the light to be scattered in the
forward direction, i.e., at small angles to the
direction of the incident beam

Because of the complexity of the general
theory, three limiting cases, stated in terms
of the ratio of the particle size x to the
wavelength of the incident light, are
commonly considered:
1. x << , Rayleigh scattering theory
2. x , Mie theory
3. x >> , Fraunhofer diffraction theory

Computerized software available with most

modern diffractometers allow for fairly rapid and
accurate determination of the crystal size by the
line broadening technique.
the primary particles consist of single crystals,
then the crystal size determined by x-ray line
broadening will be comparable to the particle
size determined by other methods such as
electron microscopy.
For polycrystalline primary particles or
agglomerates, it will
be much smaller than the size determined by
other methods.


Techniques for measuring the surface area are
based on the phenomenon of gas adsorption
Adsorption is commonly divided into two
categories:
1. Physical adsorption in which the adsorption is brought
about by physical forces between the solid and the gas
molecules (similar in nature to the weak van der Waals
forces that bring about condensation of a vapor to a
liquid)
2. Chemical adsorption or chemisorption where the
adsorbed gases will have developed strong chemical
bonds with the surface

The validity of the BET equation is commonly

stated to extend over the range of relative
pressures (p/po values) of 0.05 and 0.3, but
there are numerous examples where the BET
plot departs from linearity at relative
pressures below 0.2.