Chapter 4

Understanding
Computers
Flowchart Example
Define the
problem
Read
input
Solve the
problem
Can I
solve this?
Output
results
What do I need
to know?
Ask for
more input
Can I
solve this?
yes
no
Not available
at this time
yes
no
Begin
(again?)
End
Flowchart
Symbols
Input/Output
Start/Stop
Branch Test
Calculation
Process Flow
Note...
1 or 2 of the following 4 flow charts
will appear on the next exam. 2 are
very similar to the homework.
Example
Sketch a simple flowchart that will find
the sum of two number and their
difference.
Example
Each month, the electric company bills consumers
according to the following schedule:

Electricity Usage (kWh) Rate ($/kWh)
Energy 1000 0.10
1000 < Energy 10000 0.08
Energy > 10000 0.06

Prepare a flowchart that calculates the bill for a
customer.
Start
Example: Prepare a flowchart
that determines the volume
and area of a cube in which
the length of one edge
increases from 1 to 10 meters
in 1 meters increments.
a = 1
V=a
3
A=6a
2
a = a+1
a>10?
No
Yes
Output V, A
Stop
Start
Example: Sketch a flowchart
that will find the smallest
number in a series of 100
numbers.
I = 1
Min=N

I = I+1
Yes
Input N
Stop
Output Min
N<Min?
I>100?
No
No
Yes
Chapter 5
Introduction to
Design
Project One
Hints for your Notes
SpaceShipOne captured X Prize

Drag Force
2
D
kv F
The slope of F
D
versus v
2
will give us k.
2
p D
Av C
2
1
F
C
p
= Drag coefficient
= density of air
A = cross sectional area of the object
v = speed of the object
Project One Hints
Speed = Distance/Time
1 2
1 2
t t
d d
v

Acceleration = Dv/Dt
1 2
1 2
t t
v v
a

Drag Forceon the way up?

Free Body Diagram
ma F

F
D
F
g
ma F F
D g

g D
F ma F
mg ma F
D

) g a ( m F
D

Drag Forceon the way down?
Free Body Diagram
ma F

F
D
F
g
ma F F
D g

g D
F ma F
mg ma F
D

) g a ( m F
D

Drafting
Engineering Drawing Skills
Lettering
Line Types
Orthographic Views
Patience
Describing an Angle Bracket
Orthographic Projection
Orthographic drawings
represent three
dimensional objects in
three separate views
arranged in a standard
manner.
Orthographic Views
You can adequately describe most objects
with three orthographic views.
Front
Top
Right
Converting to Orthographic
Orthographic Views
Line Types
Visible Line
Hidden Line
Center Line
Dimension Line
Construction Line


Line Types
Sketching Techniques
Engineering Drawing Rules
Always use a Pencil.
Make all lettering the same size.
Use Engineering or Drafting Paper.

Single Stroke Gothic Lettering
Drafting Handouts
Lettering with Fractions
Orthographic Views
You can adequately describe most objects
with three orthographic views.
Front
Top
Right
Sketching techniques
Use very light construction lines
Box in the rough outline of the object
Darken only the lines you wish to keep
Clean up the edges and rough spots
Orthographic Drawings
Class 2.2: Multi-view 2D Drawings
Readiness Assessment Test 2.2.1
As a team, respond to the following
question. You will be given 4 minutes:
Name the six principal orthographic
views.
Readiness Assessment Test 2.2.2
Individually respond to the following
question. You will be given 2 minutes:
Name the six principal orthographic
views.
Learning Objectives
Name the three principle projection
planes and what dimensions each
shows
Sketch Top, Front, and Right Side views
of simple objects
Know the correct pattern and line
weight for visible, center, and hidden
lines
Orthographic Projection
2 Dimensional projections on
Orthogonal planes
Show lines based on change of plane or
change of material
Use multiple linetypes
Visible
Hidden
Center
Describing an Angle Bracket
A relatively simple
object
Pictorial view may
be difficult
Glass Box concept
Envision the object
surrounded in a
glass box
Project the views
out onto the pieces
of glass
Each pane shows a
2D projection of the
object
Projection Planes
The three panes of glass represent the
principal orthographic planes
Horizontal
Frontal
Profile
Each plane illustrates two of the
principal dimensions: Height, Width,
and Depth
Class Exercise
As a team you have 3 minutes to
discuss the following:
What dimensions are contained on each
of the principal projection planes?
Completed Orthographics
The Glass Box Approach
Orthographic Projection
Opening the Box
Final Views
Six Orthographic Views
Laying Out All Six Views
Three Primary Views
View Selection
If the object has an
obvious top, then it
must be the top view
Minimize the number of
hidden lines
Use the most
descriptive view as the
front view
Conserve space by
choosing the depth to
be the smallest
dimension
Precedence of Lines
Construction of Views
Must align orthographic views
Width appears in Top and Front
Height appears in Front and Side
Depth appears in Side and Top
Height and width project directly
Depth must be projected via a 45
angle
Construction of Views
Linetypes
Visible
Hidden
Center
Construction
Think-Pair-Share
In the next 1 minute as an Individual
if you could ask a question . . . specifically what dont
you understand about todays topic what would it be.
[at least 3 items should be listed]
Now take 2 minutes
to merge your list with the person sitting next to you
AND add 1 new item to the list
In the next 5 minutes
share the results with the other half of your team,
delete questions that you can answer for each other,
AND prioritize the remaining questions your list
Team Exercise
Draw three orthographic views of a
tombstone. Remember to include all
lines: visible, hidden, and center, where
appropriate
Add a bullet hole (large caliber)
concentric with the top arc. Adjust the
views for this new feature.
Tombstone Solution
Team Exercise
Complete three orthographic views of
the object shown on the next slide.
Include visible, hidden, and center lines
where appropriate.
Use the grid paper in the back of your
book or your engineering sketch pad.
You will be given 7 minutes.
Object for exercise
Solution
Solution
Solution
Post Assessment Test 3.2.1
Use a clean sheet of
paper to sketch
orthographic views
of the object.
You will be given 5
minutes to complete
the drawing
individually
Post Assessment Test 3.2.1
Use a clean sheet of
paper to sketch
orthographic views
of the object.
You will be given 5
minutes to complete
the drawing
individually
Readiness Assessment Test 3.2.2
Individually respond to the following
question. This is a closed book test.
You will have 2 minutes:
Name the three types of pictorial
drawings.
Readiness Assessment Test 3.2.3
As a team respond to the following
question. You will have 2 minutes:
Name the three types of pictorial
drawings and what qualities make each
unique.
Learning Objectives
Sketch pictorials of an object (either oblique
or isometric) given orthographic views of the
object
Select the best orientation of an object
shown in pictorial
Define what makes a drawing a: cavalier
oblique, cabinet oblique, general oblique,
isometric, axonometric, perspective, or
orthographic views

Pictorial
A three dimensional pictorial is a
drawing that shows an objects three
principal planes, much as they would be
captured by a camera
Sometimes they are called Technical
Illustrations

Types
Obliques
Cavalier
Cabinet
Axonometrics
Isometrics
Others
Perspectives
Types
Obliques
Cavalier
Cabinet
Axonometrics
Isometrics
Others
Perspectives
Types
Obliques
Cavalier
Cabinet
Axonometrics
Isometrics
Others
Perspectives
Cavalier Oblique
Front view true size
Receding Axis Angle
(Normally 30, 45
or 60) is Variable
Depth dimension
(receding axis) true
size
Cabinet Oblique
Front view true size
Receding Axis Angle
(Normally 30, 45
or 60) is Variable
Depth dimension
(receding axis) half
size
Side by Side Comparison
Cavalier Oblique Cabinet Oblique
Which is the cube ?
Were you right?
Angles in Oblique
Angles in front view
are drawn true size
Other angles must
be located using
coordinates
Appearance of
angles may be
distorted
Circles in Oblique
Drawn true size in
front view
Drawn as ellipses on
receding planes
Layout using a
Rhombus
Cylinders in Oblique
Front and Back
surfaces are circular
Sides are drawn as
lines tangent to the
front and back
Exercise
Sketch an Oblique of a classical
tombstone. Add a bullet hole through
the stone.
Types of Axonometrics
Orientation of Pictorial Objects
Isometrics
Axes equally separated
(120)
H, W, and D
measurements are true
size along iso. axes
Angles must be located
by coordinates
Circles appear as
ellipses on all surfaces
Isometric Circles & Angles
Isometric Ellipses
The Isometric Ellipse Template
Using the Ellipse Template
Drawing Rounded Corners
Construction of Cylinders
Lightly block in the
cylinder
Construction of Cylinders
Lightly block in the
cylinder
Sketch the upper
and lower ellipses
Construction of Cylinders
Lightly block in the
cylinder
Sketch the upper
and lower ellipses
Connect the ellipses
with Tangent lines
Construction of Cylinders
Lightly block in the
cylinder
Sketch the upper
and lower ellipses
Connect the ellipses
with Tangent lines
Darken the lines
Team Exercise
Complete the
orthographic
views shown
and Sketch
an isometric
of the part.
Types of Perspectives
Pencil Techniques
The best pencil for
lettering on most
surfaces are the H,
F, and HB grades.
Hold your pencil in
the position shown.
It should make
approximately a 60
o

angle with the
paper.
Lettering
The style of engineering lettering we
will use in this course is Single Stroke
Gothic Lettering
An example of the characters is shown on
drawing numbers 1 and 2
Notice that only capital letters are
demonstrated, since we will use only
capital letters on drawings
Sketching
Sketching is a rapid, freehand method
of drawing without the use of drawing
instruments. Sketching is also a
thinking process and a method of
communication.

Team Meeting for Project One
You will meet
with your team
members and
your instructor
at the date
and time
selected in
room 315.
Monday
1:00-2:00PM Epsilon (Done)
2:00-3:00PM Omega (Done)
Tuesday
3:00-4:00PM Delta
4:00-5:00PM Iota
Wednesday
1:00-2:00PM Beta
2:00-3:00PM Gamma
4:00-5:00PM Alpha
Sketching
This is not artistic sketching, but technical
sketching
Emphasis will be on sketching geometric
figures to represent features of objects
Medium grade pencils work best for sketching
All lines should be dark enough to standout
from the page