Electrical Machines

LSEGG216A
9080V
Transformer
Losses & Efficiency
Week 3
Objectives
1. Describe the power losses which occur in a
transformer

2. Describe the tests which allow the power losses of a
transformer to be calculated

3. Calculate transformer losses and efficiency using test
results

4. Define the all day efficiency of a transformer
5. Calculate the all day efficiency of a transformer

6. Describe the relationship between transformer cooling
and rating
5. Calculate the all day efficiency of a transformer

6. Describe the relationship between transformer cooling and
rating

7. Describe the methods of cooling

8. List the properties of transformer oil

9. Describe the tests conducted on transformer oil

Objectives
Transformer Ratings
Transformers are rated to supply a given output in
Volt Amps
or
VA
at a specified frequency and terminal voltage.

Transformer Ratings
They are NOT rated in Watts
The load power factor is unknown
I V S
PF S Power
PF
Power
S
Transformer Ratings
They are NOT rated in Watts
The load power factor is unknown
Problem
V
1
= 6,351 V
V
2
= 230 V
S = 2 kVA
Power output at unity PF ?
P = 2 kVA x 1
P = 2 kW
Power = S x PF
Problem
PF V
S
I

V
1
= 6,351 V
V
2
= 230 V
S = 2 kVA
Full load secondary current at 0.8 PF ?
I = 10.87 A
0.8 230
2000
I

Student Exercise 1
PF S Power
V
2
= 200 V V
1
= 1270 V
S = 20 kVA
0 . 1 000 , 20 P
P = 20 kW
(a) Power output at unity power factor
PF S Power
V
2
= 200 V V
1
= 1270 V
S = 20 kVA
8 . 0 000 , 20 P
P = 16 kW
(b) Power output at 0.8 power factor
VxPF
S
I
V
2
= 200 V V
1
= 1270 V
S = 20 kVA
I = 100 A
(c) Full-load secondary current at unity power factor
200x1.0
20,000
I
VxPF
S
I
V
2
= 200 V V
1
= 1270 V
S = 20 kVA
I = 62.5 A
(d) Secondary current when transformer supplies 10 kW
at 0.8 power factor
200x0.8
10,000
I
Efficiency
Power Input
Power Output

Losses Output Input
Losses Power Output
Power Output

Ratio between Input power and Output Power

Power Input
Losses Power Input

Efficiency
100
Power Input
Power Output
%
Efficiency is normally expressed as a percentage
Transformer Efficiency
Power
In
Power
Out
Overcome
Iron
Losses
Overcome
Copper
Losses
Some Power
is used to:
= 100% = 95% = 90%
Student Exercise 2
PF S Power
V
1
= 230 V
V
2
= 32 V
S = 20 kVA
= 90% PF = 0.85
(a) Power output of transformer
0.85 100 P
P = 85 W
In
Out

V
1
= 230 V
V
2
= 32 V
S = 20 kVA
= 90% PF = 0.85
(b) Power input
P = 94.4 W

Out
In
0.9
W 85
In
Losses Out In
V
1
= 230 V
V
2
= 32 V
S = 20 kVA
= 90% PF = 0.85
(c) Losses
P = 9.4W
Losses 85 94.4
Transformer Losses
Copper Losses (Cu)

Varies with load current
Produces HEAT
Created by resistance of windings
Short circuit test supplies copper losses
Short Circuit Test
Copper Losses (Cu)

Secondary
Short Circuited
Limited
Supply
Voltage
5-10 %
Wattmeter indicates Copper Losses (Cu)

Short Circuit Test
100 0.5 loss Copper
2

Copper Losses (Cu)

Finds Cooper losses at full load
Copper losses vary with the square of the load
Full load C
u
loss = 100 W
Transformer loaded at 50%
P
Cu
= 25 W
100 0.25 loss Copper
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Copper Losses (Cu)
% Load
C
u

L
o
s
s
e
s

(
W
)

Transformer Losses
Iron Losses (F
e
)

Fixed
Always present
Related to transformers construction
Eddy Currents
Reduced by laminations
Produces HEAT
Hysteresis
Reduced by using special
steels in laminations
Open Circuit Test
Finds Iron Losses (Fe)

Full Supply
Voltage
Secondary
Open Circuit
Wattmeter indicates Iron Losses (Fe)

Transformer Efficiency
Student Exercise 3
100
Power Input
Power Output
%
Losses Cu Load Full load
2
% Cu Losses
100
Power Input
Power Output
%
S
out
= 30 kVA
Fe = 220 W Cu
FL
= 840 W
Calculate %at Full Load
100
Losses Output
Power Output
%

100
k 0.22 k 84 k 30
k 30
%

. 0
% = 96.6%
100
Losses Output
Power Output
%

S
out
= 30 kVA
Fe = 220 W Cu
FL
= 840 W
Calculate %at 75%Load

100
0.22 0.75 22.5
22.5
%
2

84 . 0
% = 97%
100
0.22 0.4725 22.5
22.5
%

5 . 22 30 75 . 0
out
S
5 . 472 840 75 . 0
2

75%
Cu
100
Losses Output
Power Output
%

S
out
= 30 kVA
Fe = 220 W Cu
FL
= 840 W
Calculate %at 50%Load

100
0.22 0.5 15
15
%
2

84 . 0
% = 97.21%
100
0.22 0.21 15
15
%

15 30 5 . 0
out
S
100
Losses Output
Power Output
%

S
out
= 30 kVA
Fe = 220 W Cu
FL
= 840 W
Calculate %at 25%Load

100
0.22 0.25 7.5
7.5
%
2

84 . 0
% = 96.49%
100
0.22 0.0525 7.5
7.5
%

5 . 7 30 25 . 0
out
S
100% = 96.6%
75% = 97%
50% = 97.21%
25% = 96.49%
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
96.00
97.00
% Load
L
o
s
s
e
s

(
W
)

%
Cu Losses
Fe Losses
%
Fe = Cu =Max
Maximum Efficiency
Fe = Cu =Max
Cu Load Fe
2


2
Load
Cu
Fe

Load
Cu
Fe
Load
840
220
Fe = 220 Cu = 840
Load %= 51.18%

100
0.22 0.5118 30 0.5118
30 0.5118
%
2

84 . 0
100
0.22
15.35
%

22 . 0 35 . 15
%= 97.21%
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
96.00
97.00
All Day Efficiency
Most Transformers are connected permanently

The time that the transformer has to be calculated when
determining efficiency

Able to determine the best transformer for the application by its
efficiency
All Day Efficiency
Transformer A
S
out
= 300 kVA Fe = 1.25 kVA Cu = 3.75 kVA
Hours Load kW kWh % Load Cu Loss Cu kWh Fe kWh Losses kWh Input kWh
1.00 6.00 5 100 500.0 33.33 0.42 2.08 6.25 8.33 508.33
6.00 7.00 1 200 200.0 66.67 1.67 1.67 1.25 2.92 202.92
7.00 8.00 1 300 300.0 100.00 3.75 3.75 1.25 5.00 305.00
8.00 9.00 1 360 360.0 120.00 5.40 5.40 1.25 6.65 366.65
9.00 12.00 3 300 900.0 100.00 3.75 11.25 3.75 15.00 915.00
12.00 14.00 2 280 560.0 93.33 3.27 6.53 2.50 9.03 569.03
14.00 18.00 4 300 1200.0 100.00 3.75 15.00 5.00 20.00 1220.00
18.00 20.00 2 360 720.0 120.00 5.40 10.80 2.50 13.30 733.30
20.00 22.00 2 280 560.0 93.33 3.27 6.53 2.50 9.03 569.03
22.00 1.00 3 200 600.0 66.67 1.67 5.00 3.75 8.75 608.75
5900.0 5998.02
98.37
Time Period
P out kWh = P in kWh =
% Eff =
All Day Efficiency
Transformer B
S
out
= 300 kVA Fe = 2.5 kVA Cu = 2.5 kVA
Hours Load kW kWh % Load Cu Loss Cu kWh Fe kWh Losses kWh Input kWh
1.00 6.00 5 100 500.0 33.33 0.28 1.39 12.50 13.89 513.89
6.00 7.00 1 200 200.0 66.67 1.11 1.11 2.50 3.61 203.61
7.00 8.00 1 300 300.0 100.00 2.50 2.50 2.50 5.00 305.00
8.00 9.00 1 360 360.0 120.00 3.60 3.60 2.50 6.10 366.10
9.00 12.00 3 300 900.0 100.00 2.50 7.50 7.50 15.00 915.00
12.00 14.00 2 280 560.0 93.33 2.18 4.36 5.00 9.36 569.36
14.00 18.00 4 300 1200.0 100.00 2.50 10.00 10.00 20.00 1220.00
18.00 20.00 2 360 720.0 120.00 3.60 7.20 5.00 12.20 732.20
20.00 22.00 2 280 560.0 93.33 2.18 4.36 5.00 9.36 569.36
22.00 1.00 3 200 600.0 66.67 1.11 3.33 7.50 10.83 610.83
5900.0 6005.34
98.25 % Eff =
Time Period
P out kWh = P in kWh =
Transformer Cooling
Transformer ratings can be increased if their windings are cooled by some
external means

The most common cooling mediums are in direct with transformer
windings;
and/or
Air Oil
The most common methods of circulation are
Forced
and/or
Natural
Transformer Classification
Transformers are allocated symbols which indicate the type of cooling
used
Can consist of up to 4 letters indicating the cooling system
1
st
Letter 2
nd
Letter 3
rd
Letter 4
th
Letter
The cooling medium in contact
with the windings
The cooling medium in contact
with the external cooling system
Kind of Medium Circulation type Kind of Medium Circulation type
Transformer Classification
Type AN
Dry Transformer with
Natural Air Flow
Air Natural
Transformer Classification
Type AF
Dry Transformer with
Forced Air Flow
Air Forced
Transformer Classification
Type ONAN
Oil Tank Cooling Natural Oil Flow - Natural Air Flow
Oil Natural Air Natural
Transformer Classification
Type ONAF
Oil Tank Cooling Natural Oil Flow - Forced Air Flow
Oil Natural Air Forced
Transformer Classification
Type OFAF
Oil Tank Cooling Forced Oil Flow Forced Air Flow
Oil Forced Air Forced
Transformer Oil
Low Viscosity
High Flash point
Chemically inert
Good insulator
Acts as Coolant & Insulator
Transformer Oil Tests
Dielectric Strength
Acidity
Power factor
Interfacial tension
Dissolved Gas
THE END