BEHAVIOR OF

SOUND
-REFLECTION - REFRACTION
-INTERFERENCE - RESONANCE
-DOPPLER EFFECT
REFLECTION OF SOUND
Sound wave bounces when
a boundary is met.

A reflection of sound is
called an echo.


REFLECTION OF SOUND
Hard and smooth materials reflect
sound better.

Rough and soft materials have greater
ability to absorb sound.

REVERBERATIONS multiple
reflections
REFLECTION OF SOUND
REFRACTION OF SOUND
SPEED OF SOUND
vT = v0 deg C + (0.6 m/s) T
vT = speed at a certain temperature
v0 deg C= speed at 0 deg C = 331.5 m/s
T= temperature in degree Celsius
involves a change in the direction and
speed of waves as they pass from one
medium to another.

Warmer temperature- sound travels
faster

Colder temperature- sound travels
slower
REFRACTION OF SOUND
DIFFRACTION
Diffraction of sound is the bending
of sound wave through a small
opening.

Diffraction involves a change in
direction of waves as they pass through
an opening or around a barrier in their
path.
INTERFERENCE OF SOUND
When two waves meet at a certain
point.
CONSTRUCTIVE INTERFERENCE
DESTRUCTIVE INTERFERENCE
Beats
When 2 tunes of slightly different frequency
are sounded together, fluctuations in the
loudness of the combined sound is heard.

Periodic variation in the loudness of sound is
called beats.

Beats are produced due to interference.
Beats
Constructive interference loud sound

Destructive interference soft sound
NATURAL FREQUENCY
The frequency or frequencies at which
an object tends to vibrate with when hit,
struck, plucked, strummed or somehow
disturbed is known as the natural
frequency of the object.
FORCED VIBRATION
The tendency of one object to
force another adjoining or
interconnected object into
vibrational motion is referred to
as a forced vibration.
RESONANCE
Simulation: Sympathetic vibration
RESONANCE
occurs when two interconnected objects
share the same vibrational frequency.

When one of the objects is vibrating, it
forces the second object into vibrational
motion.

The result is a large vibration.
What do you observe in the sound that
you hear when an ambulance passes
by?

fire truck train
DOPPLER EFFECT
Waves formed by stationary
source.
DOPPLER EFFECT
Waves formed by a moving source.
DOPPLER EFFECT
HIGH
FREQUENCY
LOW
FREQUENCY
DOPPLER EFFECT
Apparent change in the
frequency of sound
observed whenever the
source of waves is
moving with respect to
an observer.

It was discovered by
Hans Christian
Doppler.

DOPPLER EFFECT
Higher pitch is heard by
the listener at point where
the source approaches.

Lower pitch is heard by
the listener at point where
the source recedes.

Happens when the source
is moving slower than the
wave.
Mathematical Proof
Source is moving away toward the
listener:
f = ___f___
1- (vs / v)
Where:
f= new frequency
f=original frequency of sound
vs = Velocity of source
v = velocity of sound
Source moving away from the listener:
f = ___f___
1+ (vs / v)
Where:
f= new frequency
f=original frequency of sound
vs = Velocity of source
v = velocity of sound

SHOCK WAVES
Shock waves
Are produced if the source actually moves at
the same speed as or faster than the wave
itself can move.

Produced by an aircraft moving faster than
the speed of sound.
Sonic Boom
If a fast aircraft moves above you, you will
hear a sonic boom

Sonic Boom
The result of the piling up of compressional
wavefronts .These compressional wavefronts
pile up and interfere to produce a very high
pressure zone.

PROBLEM SOLVING
What is the speed of sound when the
temperature is 38
0
C?

Most people can detect frequencies as high
as 20 000 Hz. Assuming the speed of sound
in air is 345 m/s, determine the wavelength of
the sound corresponding to this upper range
of audible hearing.
On a hot summer day, a pesky little mosquito
produced its warning sound near your ear.
The sound is produced by the beating of its
wings at a rate of about 600 wing beats per
second.
a. What is the frequency in Hertz of the sound
wave? b. Assuming the sound wave moves
with a velocity of 350 m/s, what is the
wavelength of the wave
Playing middle C on the piano keyboard
produces a sound with a frequency of 256
Hz. Assuming the speed of sound in air is 345
m/s, determine the wavelength of the sound
corresponding to the note of middle C.

Problem-solving
The siren of a police car at rest emits a
predominant frequency of 1600 Hz. What
frequency will you hear if you are at rest and
the police car moves at 250m/s. a) toward
you b) away from you. If the surrounding air
temperature is 32 deg Celsius?