6-1 Radio Interface PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.

01/EN January, 2000

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Section 6
Radio Interface
6-2 Radio Interface PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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After completing this lesson you will be able to:
Explain the purposes of the radio interface
Show how GSM organizes its radio channels
Identify the physical channels and the logical channels
Relate basic steps that GSM must perform for the successful
transmission over the radio interface
Explain how GSM use its logical channels at call setup
Provides an introduction to the Radio Interface
Objectives
6-3 Radio Interface PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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BTS-1 BTS-2
Speech and user's data
Signaling
BTS
Functions of the Radio Interface
6-4 Radio Interface PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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890 MHz 915 MHz 935 MHz 960 MHz
Uplink Downlink
Example:
Channel 48
0 124 channel # 0 124 channel #
Frequency Frequency
Duplex spacing = 45 MHz
Frequency band spectrum = 2 x 25 MHz
Channel spacing = 200 kHz
BTS
GSM Uses Paired Radio Channels
Case of GSM 900
6-5 Radio Interface PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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GSM systems Uplink Downlink Band Duplex Duplex
Spacing channels

P-GSM 900 890-915 935-960 2x25 45 124
E-GSM 900 880-915 925-960 2x35 45 174
R-GSM 900 876-915 921-960 2x39 45 194
GSM 1800 1710-1785 1805-1880 2x75 95 374
GSM 1900 1850-1910 1930-1990 2x60 80 299
GSM Band Allocations (MHz)

P-GSM 900 Fl(n) = 890 + 0.2*n 1 n 124 Fu(n) = Fl(n) + 45

E-GSM 900 Fl(n) = 890 + 0.2*n 0 n 124 Fu(n) = Fl(n) + 45
Fl(n) = 890 + 0.2*(n-1024) 975 n 1023

R-GSM 900 Fl(n) = 890 + 0.2*n 0 n 124 Fu(n) = Fl(n) + 45
Fl(n) = 890 + 0.2*(n-1024) 955 n 1023

GSM 1800 Fl(n) = 1710.2 + 0.2*(n-512) 512 n 885 Fu(n) = Fl(n) + 95


ARFCN = n
Frequencies are in MHz
6-6 Radio Interface PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time
4.615 ms
TDMA frame
Physical channel # 2 = recurrence of time-slot # 2
TDMA frame
0 9.23 ms
Time-slot
(frames repeat continuously)
TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
GSM Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
Frame and Physical Channels
6-7 Radio Interface PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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MS2
//
ARFCN
0
1
123
FDMA
BTS
0
TDMAs
TS
7
n
n-1
n+1
MS3
MS1
time
Physical Channel
6-8 Radio Interface PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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GSM Delays Uplink TDMA Frames
Downlink TDMA
T T T T T T T T
R T MS1
R T
MS2
Down
link
Up
link
Fixed transmit
delay of three
time-slots
R R R R R R R R
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
The start of the uplink TDMA
is delayed of three time-slots
BTS side
MSs side
BTS
TDMA Frame (4.615 ms)
6-9 Radio Interface PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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Propagation Delays
MS2
MS1 d
1
>>d
2
d
2
BTS Frame reference
MSs transmit
Propagation Delay t
p

TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS6 TS5 TS7
Bits Overlapping
6-10 Radio Interface PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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TX BTS CAN WHAT GSM HOW WHEN WHAT
RX BTS yes the ms-isdn
RX MS1 CAN
TX MS1 yes
RX MS2 WHAT
TX MS2 the
RX MS3 GSM
TX MS3 ms-isdn
RX MS4 HOW
TX MS4
RX MS5 WHEN
TX MS5
RX MS6 WHAT
TX MS6
RX MS7
TX MS7
RX MS8
TX MS8
PROPAGATION DELAY
D
D
+3TS
TA
Propagation Delay
6-11 Radio Interface PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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TX BTS CAN WHAT GSM HOW WHEN WHAT
RX BTS ms-isdn
RX MS1 CAN
TX MS1
RX MS2 WHAT
TX MS2
RX MS3 GSM
TX MS3 ms-isdn
RX MS4 HOW
TX MS4
RX MS5 WHEN
TX MS5
RX MS6 WHAT
TX MS6
RX MS7
TX MS7
RX MS8
TX MS8
yes
the
PROPAGATION DELAY
D
D
+3TS - TA
yes the
TIMING ADVANCE = 2 * PROPAGATION DELAY
Timing Advance
6-12 Radio Interface PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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TDMA frame TDMA frame
Voice transmitted over the physical channel #2
defines a logical traffic channel
Information (e.g. to set up a call) transmitted over
the physical channel #1 defines a logical control channel
TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
(frames repeat continuously)
TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Logical Channels
Traffic and Control Channels
...
...
6-13 Radio Interface PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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From Physical Channel to Logical Channels
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time Slot
TDMA Frame
= 4.615 ms
... ...
different
message
types
=
different
logical
channels
LOGICAL
CHANNELS
TCH
FCCH
SCH
FACCH
SACCH
SDCCH
CBCH
AGCH
PCH
BCCH
RACH
...
...
Logical
channels
multiplexing
MESSAGE TYPE
TS = 577 ms
Physical Channel
Logical Channel
Logical Channel
6-14 Radio Interface PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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BSC
BTS
BSS
MSC
Full rate TCH carries:
speech (13 kbps)
users data (300 bps up to14.4 kbps)
Half rate TCH carries:
users data (300 bps up to 4.8 kbps)
Traffic Channels (TCHs)
6-15 Radio Interface PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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GSM Channels
Control Channels
Traffic Channels
(TCHs)
Full
rate
Half
rate
Dedicated Control
Channels
(DCCHs)
Slow Fast
Downlink
Broadcast
Channels
(BCHs)
Common Control
Channels
(CCCHs)
Downlink Uplink
TCH /F TCH /H FCCH SCH BCCH PCH CBCH RACH AGCH SDCCH SACCH FACCH
Traffic Multiframing Signaling Multiframing Traffic Multiframing
(down uplink)
Control Channels
6-16 Radio Interface PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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FACCH
BTS
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TS
Frequency correction
Synchronization
Broadcast control
Access request
Subscriber paging
Answer to Access request
Dedicated Signaling
Sys InFo 5, 6 + SMS
Traffic (speech data)
Associated Signaling
MS
Traffic (speech-data)
Associated Signaling
Radio Measurement + SMS
Dedicated Signaling
Broadcast info
Access request
Subscriber paging
Answer to Access request
M.S. Pre-synchronization
Broadcast info
FCCH
SCH
BCCH
PCH
AGCH
CBCH
SDCCH
SACCH
TCH
TCH
FACCH
SDCCH
SACCH
FCCH
SCH
BCCH
RACH
PCH
AGCH
RACH
CBCH
The Logical Channels on Radio Interface
6-17 Radio Interface PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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FACCH MESSAGES
Connection establishment from
SDCCH to TCH
End validation of a SDCCH-TCH
commutation
Characteristics of the future used BS
after handover
Connection establishment to BS after
handover
Validation of an handover
SACCH MESSAGES
System Information 5, 5
bis
, 5
ter
and 6
(connected mode)
Measures:
- power level of the communication
- quality level of the communication
- level on the beacon frequency of
the neighboring cells
Timing Advance
Power Control
TCH MESSAGES
Full rate speech at 13 kbit/s
Half rate speech at 6.5 kbit/s
Full rate data at 9.6, 4.8, or 2.4 kbit/s
Half rate data at 4.8 or 2.4 kbit/s
Handover Access message (uplink)
SDCCH MESSAGES
Request for a SDCCH assignment
Request for the end of channel
assignment
Order of commutation from SDCCH to
TCH
Logical Channel Description (1/2)
6-18 Radio Interface PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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CBCH MESSAGES
Specific information
For example:
- weather
- road information
FCCH MESSAGES
no message is sent (all bits 0)
BCCH MESSAGES
System Information type 1, 2, 2
bis
,
2
ter
, 3, 4, 7, 8
(idle mode)
SCH MESSAGES
Frame Number
Base Station Identity Code (BSIC)
AGCH MESSAGES
For dedicated channel assignment:
-frequency number
-slot number
-frequency hopping description
-Timing Advance (1
st
estimation)
-MS identification
PCH MESSAGES
messages containing a mobile
identity for a call, a short message
or an authentication
RACH MESSAGES
Service request:
- emergency call
- answer to an incoming call
- outgoing call
- short message
- call re-establishment
- inscription
Logical Channel Description (2/2)
6-19 Radio Interface PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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0 1 2 3 4 21 22 23 24 25 0 1 2 3 4 46 47 48 49 50
26 traffic frames = 120 ms
51 control frame = 235.38 ms
1 Hyperframe = 2,715,648 frames= 3h 28 min. 53 s 760 ms
0 1 2 3 5 2042 2043 2044 2045 2046 2047 4
1326
frames
0 1 2 3
46 47 48 49 50 0 1 3 4 2
22 23 25 24
TS
0
TS
1
TS
2
TS
3
TS
5
TS
6
TS
7
TS
0
TS
1
TS
2
TS
3
TS
4
TS
5
TS
6
TS
7
TS
0
TS
1
TS
2
TS
3
TS
4
TS
5
TS
6
TS
7
TS
4
TS
0
TS
1
TS
2
TS
3
TS
4
TS
5
TS
6
TS
7
TS
0
TS
1
TS
2
TS
3
TS
4
TS
5
TS
6
TS
7
Frame
4.615 ms
Traffic channel
Control channel
51 x 26 traffic frames = 6.12 s
26 x 51 control frames = 6.12 s
Traffic and Control Multi-Framing
6-20 Radio Interface PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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26 frames = 120 ms
Full Rate - Downlink & Uplink
time
26 frames = 120 ms
T
0
A
0
T
0
T
0
T
0
T
0
T
0
T
0
T
0
T
0
T
0
T
0
T
0
T
1
T
1
T
1
T
1
T
1
T
1
T
1
T
1
T
1
T
1
T
1
T
1
A
1
time
Half Rate - Downlink & Uplink
T : TCH A : SACCH : IDLE
T
i
: TCH
sub-channel n i
A
i
: SACCH
sub-channel n i
T A T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
Traffic Channels Combination
Logical Channel Mapping (1/5)
6-21 Radio Interface PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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A : SACCH D : SDCCH
: IDLE
51 frames = 235 ms
A
1
A
2
A
3
A
0
D
7
D
6
D
5
D
4
D
3
D
2
D
1
D
0
A
5
A
6
A
7
A
4
D
7
D
6
D
5
D
4
D
3
D
2
D
1
D
0
time
Downlink
51 frames = 235 ms
A
5
A
6
A
7
A
0
A
4
D
7
D
6
D
5
D
4
D
3
D
2
D
1
D
0
D
7
D
6
D
5
D
4
D
3
D
2
D
1
D
0
A
1
A
2
A
3
time
Uplink
Dedicated Signaling Channels Combination
Logical Channel Mapping (2/5)
6-22 Radio Interface PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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time
BTS
MS
: IDLE
B : BCCH S : SCH F : FCCH : PCH/AGCH
C
Physical Channel
ARFCN (n) TS (s)
FCCH
SCH BCCH
PCH/AGCH
Logical Channels
Multiframe
m+1
Multiframe
m-1
C B F S
Multiframe m
51 frames = 235.38 ms
C C F S C C F S C C F S C C C B F S F S
Frames repeat continuously
Physical Channel and Logical Channels
Common Channels Combination
6-23 Radio Interface PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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51 frames = 235 ms
C C F S C C F S C C F S C C C B F S F S
Downlink
time
51 frames = 235 ms
R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
Uplink
time
B : BCCH S
: SCH
F
: FCCH
: IDLE
: AGCH
/PCH
C R : RACH
Common Channels Combination
Logical Channel Mapping (3/5)
6-24 Radio Interface PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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A
3
A
2
A
1
D
3
D
2
D
3
D
2
D
1
D
1
D
0
D
0
F S F S F S C C C F S B F S
F S F S F S C C C F S B F S
51 frames = 235 ms
A
0
time
Downlink
R R
R R D
2
D
2
D
1
D
1
D
0
D
0
A
1
A
3
A
0
A
2
R
R
R
R
D
3
D
3
51 frames = 235 ms
time
Uplink
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
A : SACCH
D : SDCCH : IDLE B : BCCH S : SCH F : FCCH
: AGCH
/PCH
C R : RACH
BCCH Combined
Logical Channel Mapping (4/5)
6-25 Radio Interface PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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C C F S C C F S C C F S C C C B F S F S F S
0 1 12 25 0 1 12 25
0 1 10 20 30 40 50 0 1
Downlink message
Uplink message
Neighboring BTS
(downlink)
Measurement Window
T A T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
Why 26 and 51 Frames per Multiframe?
Mobile activity
Rx Tx Rx Rx Tx Rx Rx Tx
(n) (n)
6-26 Radio Interface PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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Speech
Source
decoding
Channel
decoding
De-interleaving
Burst deformatting
Deciphering
Demodulation
equalization
Speech
Digitizing and
source coding
Channel
coding
Modulation
Ciphering
Burst formatting
Interleaving
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Transmission
Step 5
Step 6
Diversity
From Speech to Radio Transmission
6-27 Radio Interface PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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Codec Type Mean Opinion Score Rate (kb/s)
(MOS)

PCM A law 4.25 64
GSM EFR 4.2 12.2
CDMA 13 4.2 13
D-AMPS 4 8
GSM FR 3.8 13
CDMA 8 3.4 8
Quality MOS Listening Effort Required

Excellent 5 Complete relaxation possible, no effort.
Good 4 Attention necessary, no appreciable effort.
Fair 3 Moderate effort.
Poor 2 Considerable effort.
Bad 1 No meaning understood with feasible effort.
Speech Quality - Source Coding
6-28 Radio Interface PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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C
20 ms 20 ms
A
A
8
A
7
A
6
A
5
B
4
B
3
B
2
B
1
B
8
B
7
B
6
B
5
C
4
C
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C
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C
1
57 bits
Information
1 1
CRL CRL
3 3
Tail Tail
26 bits
Training
8 Bursts
8 Sub blocks
of 57 bits
Source coding
Channel coding
Interleaving
Normal
burst
20 ms
B
456 bits A 456 bits B 456 bits C
57 bits
Information
A8
B4
A7
B3
A6
B2
A5
B1
B8
C4
B7
C3
B6
C2
B5
C1
Speech blocks
260 bits 260 bits
260 bits
Channel Processing
Overview
6-29 Radio Interface PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ... ... 452 453 454 455
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15





448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455
5
7

R
o
w
s

Divide 456 bits in 8 sub-blocks
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 7 6 5 4 0 1 2 3
reordering
&
partitioning
out
diagonal
interleaving
456
coded bits
burst
b0 b1 b56
b1 b56 b0
bit
interleaving
Interleaving: TCH Full Rate
6-30 Radio Interface PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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Guard
1 57 1 26 57
156.25 bits
0.577 ms
1 frame:
4.615 ms
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
3 3 8.25
Normal Burst
S S DATA DATA
Guard
Band
Training
sequence
Burst
148 bits
Burst Formatting
6-31 Radio Interface PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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Synchronization Burst
(SCH)
Tail Data Extended Training Sequence Data Tail
156.25 bits (0.577 ms)
3 bits 39 encrypted bits 64 synchronization bits 39 bits 3 bits 8.25 bits
Guard
Period
Frequency Correction Burst
(FCCH)
Tail Data Tail
156.25 bits (0.577 ms)
3 bits 142 fixed bits (0) 3 bits 8.25 bits
Guard
Period
Burst Formats
6-32 Radio Interface PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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Access Burst
Tail
Training
Sequence
Guard Period Tail
156.25 bits (0.577 ms)
8 bits 36 encrypted bits 68.25 bits 3 bits 41 synch bits
Data
Dummy Burst
Tail Dummy Sequence Training Sequence Dummy Sequence Tail
3 bits 58 mixed bits 28 midamble bits 58 mixed bits 3 bits 8.25 bits
Guard
Period
156.25 bits (0.577 ms)
156.25 bits (0.577 ms)
1 3 bits 57 encrypted bits 1 26 bits 57 encrypted bits 3 bits 8.25 bits
Tail Data Training Sequence Data Tail Guard
Period
Normal Burst
Burst Formats
6-33 Radio Interface PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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Plain data: 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0.....
Ciphering sequence: 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0.....
XOR:
Ciphered data (transmitted): 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0.....
Ciphered sequence: 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0.....
XOR:
Recovered data: 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0.....
Data S S Data
Burst to be
transmitted
Data S S Data
Training
sequence
Received
burst
Ciphering
6-34 Radio Interface PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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Bit 0
Bit 1
phase shift + 90
phase shift - 90
Modulation
GMSK Modulation
I = sin (t + )
Q = cos (t + )
GMSK
Modulator
Carrier
Frequency
GMSK
Signal
Q
+ 90
'0'
'1' - 90
I
6-35 Radio Interface PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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Gaussian Minimum Shifk Keying

0 +200 kHz +400 kHz +600 kHz
6-36 Radio Interface PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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To transmitter
Microphone
From receiver Hearpiece
Voice Activity
Detection
speech
encoder
Comfort
noise
function
speech
decoder
Discontinuous Transmission Features
Digital to
Analog
Converter
Analog to
Digital
Converter
6-37 Radio Interface PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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1- Why does GSM use paired radio channels?
2- How many time-slots does a GSM TDMA contain?
3- What is a GSM physical channel?
4- Why does GSM delay the uplink TDMA frame?
Check Your Learning
6-38 Radio Interface PE/TRD/GR/0101 12.01/EN January, 2000
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6- What does a traffic channel carry?
5- What are the logical channels?
7- Why does GSM use the channel coding?
8- Why does GSM use the interleaving?
Check Your Learning (continue)