An Introduction To: CDMA Technology

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CDMA Technology
Ashok kumar choudhury Roll No-200117170
1
An Introduction
To
CDMA Technology

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Introduction
Short for Code Division Multiple Access
Developed by US company -QUALACOMM
uses spread-spectrum techniques
Digital technology for delivering mobile
telephone services

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Spread Spectrum Transmission Model
Information Signal
i(t)
Data Rate Ri
Bandwidth Wi
Spreading Sequence

Chip Rate Rc
Bandwith Wc
c(t)
Spreading Sequence
Chip Rate Rc
Bandwidth Wc
c(t)
s(t)
r(t)
d(t)
jammer interference
Filter
Bandwidth W
Recovered
Informational
Signal

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Classification of Spread Spectrum Systems
Spread Spectrum Techniques
Direct Sequence Time Hopper Frequency Hopper
Hybrid
Wideband Narrowband
Slow Fast
DS/FH
DS/TH FH/TH
DS/FH/TH

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Power Control Mechanism

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Multi-Code CDMA
time
time
time
time
WT1
WT2
WT3
Wireless Channel
Base Station

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IS-95 CDMA
is based on IS-95 Technology
Supports 95 million subscribers worldwide
Network operate in 800 & 1900 freq. band
Provides voice & data services having
speed upto 64 kbits/sec
SMS services also

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CDMA-2000/IS 2000
CDMA-2000
CDMA-2000 1X
CDMA-2000 3X
I Phase II Phase
144kbps packet data rate
Two fold increase in both voice capacity
& standby time
Advanced packet data services
Greatly extended battery life
Channel size of 1.25 MHz
Circuit & packet data rates up
to 2Mbps
Incorporates advanced multimedia
capabilities
Supports framework for advanced
3G voice services & vocoders
Channel sizes- 5MHz,10MHz

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Benefits of CDMA
Increased Capacity
Improved Quality
Simplified System Planning
Enhanced Privacy
Improved Coverage
Increased Portable Talk Time
Bandwidth on Demand

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CDMA-Applications
CDMA for Cellular
CDMA-Short Message Service
Over-the-Air Activation

CDMA Data and Fax
Subscriber Access Control
CDMA for Personal Communications Services

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Conclusion
Technology of choice for 3G generation because of its
Greater total capacity
Outstanding voice quality
Fewer dropped calls
RF planning and implementation is simplified by its
Capability of re-using single cell frequency
non-contiguous bandwidth requirement
Its use in satellite communication is of great importance

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CDMA for Cellular

CDMA Data and Fax

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CDMA-2000/IS 2000
CDMA-2000
CDMA-2000 1X
CDMA-2000 3X
I Phase II Phase
144kbps packet data rate
Two fold increase in both voice capacity
& standby time
Advanced packet data services
Greatly extended battery life
Channel size of 1.25 MHz
Circuit & packet data rates up
to 2Mbps
Incorporates advanced multimedia
capabilities
Supports framework for advanced
3G voice services & vocoders
Channel sizes- 5MHz,10MHz

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Benefits of CDMA
Increased Capacity
Improved Quality
Enhanced Privacy
Improved Coverage
Bandwidth on Demand

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Benefits of CDMA
Increased Capacity
Improved Quality
Enhanced Privacy
Improved Coverage
Bandwidth on Demand

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Benefits of CDMA
Increased Capacity
Improved Quality
Enhanced Privacy
Improved Coverage
Bandwidth on Demand

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CDMA-Applications
CDMA for Cellular

CDMA Data and Fax

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Benefits of CDMA
Increased Capacity
Improved Quality
Enhanced Privacy
Improved Coverage
Bandwidth on Demand

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Why Web Server ?
Web server software enables the information
to be accessed across a network by different
computers.
For the web pages to be accessed from a PC
with Internet Explorer, web server software
must reside on that server.
It interpret the server side scripting and send
the plain HTML to the client.

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Benefits of CDMA
Increased Capacity
Improved Quality
Enhanced Privacy
Improved Coverage
Bandwidth on Demand

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CDMA-Applications
CDMA for Cellular

CDMA Data and Fax

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Different Types of Web Server
Apache.
IIS.
O'Reilly & Associates WebSite Pro.
Netscape FastTrack Server.
Netscape Enterprise Server.
StarNines WebSTAR (for Macintosh).

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Different Features of Apache
Open source updates. It is constantly being updated and
you can add functionality as it becomes available.
Free. The software is free. It's hard to beat that price.
Multi-platform support. Apache can be used on
systems that have 80x86-series (i.e. Intel) processors
running either Linux or NT as an OS, or on other
computers running a Unix-type OS on a different
processor.
Popular. Apache is the most-used Web server software
package in the world.

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UserDir some_directory
When this form of the UserDir directive is used, Apche receives a
URL request of the form
http://www.nistinfo.com/~sudhir
and uses system resources to locate the home directory of a user
named sudhir.
e.g.,
If the directive like UserDir some_directory is in effect, Apache will
search in a directory
/home/sudhir/some_directory
Hosting User Home Pages

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UserDir /an/absolute/path
This method assumes that each user will have his/her own
subdirectory under the specified UserDir. e.g., If Apche receives a
URL request of the form

http://www.nistinfo.com/~sudhir/myphotos.html
when a directive like the following is in effect.
UserDir /usr/webspace
Apache will search in a directory
/usr/webspace/sudhir/myphotos.html

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UserDir /an/absolute/path/*/with/wildcard
In this method the absolute path to the directory in which users
should be storing their web documents.However, in plece of actual
user name, you put an asterisk(*). If Apche receives a URL request
of the form
http://www.nistinfo.com/~sudhir
when a directive like the following is in effect.
UserDir /usr/webspace/*/public_html
Apache will map the URL to the directory
/usr/webspace/sudhir/public_html

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The term Virtual Host refers to the practice of maintaining more than
one server on one machine, as differentiated by their apparent
hostname.
For example, it is often desirable for companies sharing a web server to
have their own domains, with web servers accessible as
www.nistinfo.com and www.sudhir.com, without
requiring the user to know any extra path
information.

Virtual Hosting

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1.Virtual Hosting by Name

2.Virtual Hosting by IP
Virtual Hosting

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IP based :- IP-based virtual hosts use the IP address of the
connection to determine the correct virtual host to serve. Therefore
you need to have a separate IP address for each host.

Name based :- Name-based virtual hosting is usually simpler, since
you need only configure your DNS server to map each hostname to
the correct IP address and then configure the Apache HTTP Server
to recognize the different hostnames..

Name-based vs IP based Virtual Hosts

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Your current IP Addresses :-
/home/root$ ifconfig eth0
It will show your current IP address and netmask
Assign New IP to your Mechine :-
/home/root$ ifconfig eth0:1 172.61.25.210
netmask 255.255.0.0
Now your machine act like presence of another
physical network card.
IP based Virtual Hosts

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BindAddress :-This directive instructs apache
to monitor a specific IP address or all active IP
address.
e.g. BindAddress 172.61.25.23
BindAddress *

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Check your IP Address :-
e.g., inet addr 172.61.25.10, Mask 255.255.255.0
Assign New IP to your Mechine :-
/home/root$ ifconfig eth0:1 172.61.25.210 netmask
255.255.255.0
Now your machine act like presence of another
physical network card.

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Configure /etc/hosts :-
IP address domainnames
172.61.25.10 www.nistinfo.com
172.61.25.210 www.sudhir.com

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Configure VirtualHost Directive For Multiple Hosting:-
<VirtualHost www.nistinfo.com>
DocumentRoot /webspace/nistinfo
ErrorLog /webspace/logs/error_log
TransferLog /webspace/logs/access_log
</VirtualHost>
<VirtualHost www.sudhir.com>
DocumentRoot /home/sudhir/public_html
ErrorLog /home/sudhir/public_html/logs/error_log
TransferLog /home/sudhir/public_html/logs/access_log
</VirtualHost>

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Check your IP Address :-
e.g., inet addr 172.61.25.10, Mask 255.255.255.0
Name based Virtual Hosts

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Configure /etc/hosts :-
IP address domain names
172.61.25.10 www.nistinfo.com www.sudhir.com

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Configure VirtualHost Directive ( /etc/httpd.conf
file):-
NameVirtualHost 172.61.25.10
<VirtualHost 172.61.25.10>
ServerName www.nistinfo.com
DocumentRoot /webspace/nistinfo
ErrorLog /webspace/logs/error_log
TransferLog /webspace/logs/access_log
</VirtualHost>


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Configure VirtualHost Directive ( /etc/httpd.conf
file):-
<VirtualHost 172.61.25.10>
ServerName www.sudhir.com
DocumentRoot /home/sudhir/public_html
ErrorLog /home/sudhir/public_html/logs/error_log
TransferLog /home/sudhir/public_html/logs/access_log
</VirtualHost>

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Related Files and Daemons of Apache
Configuration Files :-
httpd.conf :- The main configuration file containing
the variables that specify server specific configuration.
srm.conf :- Server Resource Management-
historically, this file contained the variables that
specified how server resources were to be used.
access.conf :- Historically, this file contained the
variables relating to access control.
httpd.pid :- Stores the Parent process ID of httpd
deamon.
mime.types :- Stores the mime type information of
the system.

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Related Files and Daemons of Apache
Related Deamons :-
httpd :- It is the Apache HyperText Transfer Protocol
(HTTP) server program. It is designed to be run as a
standalone daemon program.
It will create a pool of child process to handle requests.
To stop it, send a TERM signal to the initial parent
process.

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Starting and Stopping the Apache
Starting Apache :-
/usr/local/bin/httpd
apachectl start
Stopping Apache :-
kill the PID of the parent httpd.
kill -TERM `cat /var/run/httpd.pid`
apachectl stop

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Keywords in Apache
Directives :- Configuration Variables
Core Directives :- A fairly sizable subset of the
directives are known as Core Directives and they get
enabled by default by the systems.
Modules :- Sophisticated operating system objects
that can be loaded into or shared among other running
programs.

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Keywords in Apache
Dynamic Shared Objects :-
Handlers :-
Mime Types :-

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Some Common Apache Directives
<Directory> directive
<Directory> and </Directory> are used to enclose a group of
directives which will apply only to the named directory and sub-
directories of that directory. Any directive which is allowed in a
directory context may be used. Directory-path is either the full path
to a directory, or a wild-card string.
Example:
<Directory /usr/local/httpd/htdocs>
Options Indexes FollowSymLinks
</Directory>

For example, with
<Directory />
AllowOverride None
</Directory>

<Directory /home/*>
AllowOverride FileInfo
</Directory>
for access to the document /home/web/dir/doc.html the
steps are:
Apply directive AllowOverride None (disabling
.htaccess files).
Apply directive AllowOverride FileInfo (for
directory /home/web).
Apply any FileInfo directives in /home/web/.htaccess
Regular expression directory sections are handled slightly differently
by Apache 1.2 and 1.3. In Apache 1.2 they are interspersed with the
normal directory sections and applied in the order they appear in the
configuration file. They are applied only once, and apply when the
shortest match possible occurs. In Apache 1.3 regular expressions
are not considered until after all of the normal sections have been
applied. Then all of the regular expressions are tested in the order
they appeared in the configuration file. For example, with
<Directory ~ abc$>
... directives here ...
</Directory>
Suppose that the filename being accessed is
/home/abc/public_html/abc/index.html. The
server considers each of /, /home, /home/abc,
/home/abc/public_html, and
/home/abc/public_html/abc in that order. In
Apache 1.2, when /home/abc is considered, the
regular expression will match and be applied.
In Apache 1.3 the regular expression isn't
considered at all at that point in the tree.
It won't be considered until after all normal
<Directory>s and .htaccess files have been
applied. Then the regular expression will
match on /home/abc/public_html/abc and be
applied.
Note that the default Apache access for <Directory /> is Allow
from All. This means that Apache will serve
any file mapped from an URL. It is recommended
that you change this with a block such as
<Directory />
Order Deny,Allow
Deny from All
</Directory>
and then override this for directories you want accessible. See
the Security Tips page for more details.
The directory sections typically occur in the access.conf file, but
they may appear in any configuration file. <Directory> directives
cannot nest, and cannot appear in a <Limit> or <LimitExcept>
section.

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<DirectoryMatch> directive
<DirectoryMatch> and </DirectoryMatch> are used to
enclose a group of directives which will apply only to the
named directory and sub-directories of that directory, the
same as <Directory>. However, it takes as an argument a
regular expression.
For example:
<DirectoryMatch "^/www/.*/[0-9]{3}">
would match directories in /www/ that consisted of three
numbers.

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BindAddress directive
This directive is used to tell the server which IP address to
listen to. It can either contain "*, an IP address, or a fully
qualified Internet domain name.
Example :-
BindAddress *

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Port directive
The port to which the standalone server listens.
Example :-
Port 80

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Listen directive
The Listen directive instructs Apache to listen to more than
one IP address or port: Multiple Listen directives may be
used.
For example, to make the server accept connections on
both port 80 and port 8000, use:
Listen 80
Listen 8000
To make the server accept connections on two specified
interfaces and port numbers, use
Listen 192.170.2.1:80
Listen 192.170.2.5:8000

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AddModule directive
The server can have modules compiled in which are not
actively in use. This directive can be used to enable the use
of those modules.
For example:
AddModule mod_include.c

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DocumentRoot directive
This directive sets the directory from which httpd will
serve files. The server appends the path from the requested
URL to the document root to make the path to the
document.
For example:
DocumentRoot /webspace/nistinfo then an access
to http://www.nistinfo.com/index.html refers to
/webspace/nistinfo/index.html.

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UserDir directive
The UserDir directive sets the real directory in a user's
home directory to use when a request for a document for a
user is received.
The name of the directory which is appended onto a user's
home directory if a ~user request is received.
For example:
UserDir public_html

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ServerType directive
The ServerType directive sets how the server is executed
by the system. Type is one of
inetd
The server will be run from the system process inetd;
the command to start the server is added to
/etc/inetd.conf
standalone
The server will run as a daemon process; the command
to start the server is added to the system startup scripts.
(/etc/rc.local or /etc/rc3.d/....)

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ServerRoot directive
The ServerRoot directive sets the directory in which the
server lives. Typically it will contain the subdirectories
conf/ and logs/. Relative paths for other configuration files
are taken as relative to this directory.
For example:
ServerRoot /usr/local/httpd

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ServerName directive
The ServerName directive sets the hostname of the server;
this is used when creating redirection URLs. If it is not
specified, then the server attempts to deduce it from its
own IP address.
For example:
ServerName ntcsindia

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Order directive
The Order directive controls the default access state and
the order in which Allow and Deny directives are
evaluated.
For example:
Order Deny,Allow
Deny from all
Allow from apache.org

Order Allow,Deny
Allow from apache.org
Deny from foo.apache.org

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Deny directive
This directive allows access to the server to be restricted
based on hostname, IP address, or environment variables.

For example:
Deny from all

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Allow directive
The Allow directive affects which hosts can access an area
of the server. Access can be controlled by hostname, IP
Address, IP Address range, or by other characteristics of
the client request captured in environment variables.
For example:
Allow from 10.1.2.3

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Directory Structure
bin :- Contains the various daemons.
cgi-bin :- Contains the cgi files.
conf :- Contains the different configuration files.
include :- Contains the include files required for
different modules.
lib :- Contains the library files for the modules.
logs :- Contains the different logs files.
modules :- Contains the core modules for apache.

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Directory Structure
bin :-

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