Power Transformer

Power Transformer
Thermal Ratings
Thermal Ratings
Tim Raymond Tim Raymond
2003 IEEE Transmission & Distribution 2003 IEEE Transmission & Distribution
Conference Conference
Dallas, Texas P0! Tuesday, "#$e%#2003 Dallas, Texas P0! Tuesday, "#$e%#2003

Transformer Loading
Transformer Loading
Limit
Limit

In &eneral, transformer ca%acity

In &eneral, transformer ca%acity
limited by e'ui%ment ()indin& &
limited by e'ui%ment ()indin& &
oil* tem%eratures+
oil* tem%eratures+

Desi&n limits (,,0C -ot s%ot* not

Desi&n limits (,,0C -ot s%ot* not
necessarily o%erational limits
necessarily o%erational limits

Nameplate Rating
Nameplate Rating

ame%late ratin& is not ame%late ratin& is not

necessarily o%erational limit necessarily o%erational limit

.ased on 30C (/0C 0ax+* .ased on 30C (/0C 0ax+*

ambient ambient

Continuous load at rated Continuous load at rated

current current

Conser1ati1e -ot s%ot tem% Conser1ati1e -ot s%ot tem%

of ,,0C of ,,0C

Results in o1erly Results in o1erly

conser1ati1e ratin&s conser1ati1e ratin&s

Transformer Cooling
Transformer Cooling

Insulatin& oil acts as coolin& medium

Insulatin& oil acts as coolin& medium

2il 3o) is eit-er natural

2il 3o) is eit-er natural
t-ermosi%-on 3o) (no %um%s* or
t-ermosi%-on 3o) (no %um%s* or
forced 3o) (%um%s*+
forced 3o) (%um%s*+

4eat exc-an&ers or radiators transfer

4eat exc-an&ers or radiators transfer
-eat from oil to en1ironment
-eat from oil to en1ironment

5ans may be used to increase forced

5ans may be used to increase forced
con1ection o1er radiator 6ns
con1ection o1er radiator 6ns

Oil Flow Within
Oil Flow Within
Winding
Winding

Core & Coils
Core & Coils

Transformer Cooling
Transformer Cooling

Thermal Model
Thermal Model

$im%le lum%ed %arameter model $im%le lum%ed %arameter model

2il tem%erature rise function of total loss 2il tem%erature rise function of total loss

7indin& tem%erature rise function of current 7indin& tem%erature rise function of current
( )
( )
m
i R HS i HS
n
i
R TO i TO
K
R
R K
2
, ,
2
, ,
1
1

1
]
1

+
+



$teady#state Tem%eratures8
2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , HS TO A HS
+ +

Thermal Model
Thermal Model

Thermal Model
Thermal Model
2il t-ermal time constant8 2il t-ermal time constant8
5or 29 and 59 (29 and 2595* t-e t-ermal 5or 29 and 59 (29 and 2595* t-e t-ermal
ca%acity, C, e'uals8 ca%acity, C, e'uals8
C : 0+02;2 < 7 C : 0+02;2 < 7
CC CC
= 0+0,>,/ < 7 = 0+0,>,/ < 7
Tan? Tan?
= @+03/ < = @+03/ <
A A
5luid 5luid
5or D529 and D529 (2D95 and 2595* t-e 5or D529 and D529 (2D95 and 2595* t-e
t-ermal ca%acity, C, e'uals8 t-ermal ca%acity, C, e'uals8
C : 0+02;2 < 7 C : 0+02;2 < 7
CC CC
= 0+02;2 < 7 = 0+02;2 < 7
Tan? Tan?
= ;+30@ < = ;+30@ <
A A
5luid 5luid
T-e t-ermal time constant of t-e bul? oil at rated T-e t-ermal time constant of t-e bul? oil at rated
tem%erature e'uals8 tem%erature e'uals8

2,R 2,R
: C < : C <

T2,R T2,R
B P B P
T,R T,R


Thermal Model
Thermal Model
( )
( )
n
U
R TO U TO
R
R K
1
]
1

+
+

1
1
2
, ,
( )
1 , 1 , , 2 ,
1
TO
t
TO U TO TO
O
e

+

,
_

m
U R HS U HS
K
2
, ,

( )
1 , 1 , , 2 ,
1
HS
t
HS U HS HS
W
e

+

,
_

2 , 2 , 2 , 2 , HS TO A HS
+ +
To% oil tem%erature rise at time t
2
:
t
,
=t
4ot s%ot tem%erature rise at time t
2
:
t
,
=t
4ot s%ot tem%erature at time t
2
: t
,
=t

Risk
Risk

9ny ener&iCed transformer -as

9ny ener&iCed transformer -as
6nite ris? of failure
6nite ris? of failure

Ris? increases )it- o%eratin&

Ris? increases )it- o%eratin&
tem%eratures
tem%eratures

D
D
21erloadE is %ossible, if ris?s are
21erloadE is %ossible, if ris?s are
considered and miti&ated to
considered and miti&ated to
acce%table le1els
acce%table le1els

Risks
Risks

T-ree areas of ris?8

T-ree areas of ris?8

Fon&#term (insulation a&in&*

Fon&#term (insulation a&in&*

$-ort#term (bubbles, oil ex%ansion*

$-ort#term (bubbles, oil ex%ansion*

9ncillary com%onents (bus-in&s,

9ncillary com%onents (bus-in&s,
FTCs, CTs*
FTCs, CTs*

Long-term Risk
Long-term Risk

Insulation a&es at any

Insulation a&es at any
tem%erature
tem%erature

Rate of a&in& increases )it-

Rate of a&in& increases )it-
tem%erature (rou&-ly doublin& for
tem%erature (rou&-ly doublin& for
e1ery !C rise*
e1ery !C rise*

EGects mec-anical stren&t- of

EGects mec-anical stren&t- of
%a%er
%a%er

Inslation !ging
Inslation !ging

2il and %a%er ad1ersely aGected

2il and %a%er ad1ersely aGected
by -eat
by -eat

2il is re%laceable, %a%er is not

2il is re%laceable, %a%er is not

Pa%er a&es at any tem%erature

Pa%er a&es at any tem%erature

Pyrolysis, -ydrolysis, oxidation

Pyrolysis, -ydrolysis, oxidation

.rea? bonds in cellulose c-ain,

.rea? bonds in cellulose c-ain,
decreases mec-anical stren&t-
decreases mec-anical stren&t-

Inslation !ging
Inslation !ging

9rr-enius Reaction Rate

9rr-enius Reaction Rate

9 is reference -ot s%ot

9 is reference -ot s%ot

9:"@C for @@C insulation 9:"@C for @@C insulation

9:,,0C for !@C insulation 9:,,0C for !@C insulation

Inte&rate 5
Inte&rate 5
99 99
o1er time to &et e'ui1+ a&in&
o1er time to &et e'ui1+ a&in&

Fife Dend %ointE diHcult to determine

Fife Dend %ointE diHcult to determine

.ased u%on moisture content of 0+@I and

.ased u%on moisture content of 0+@I and
lo) 22
lo) 22

,
_

273 273
, HS R HS
A A
AA
e F


Inslation !ging
Inslation !ging
$ource8 IEEE C@;+",

"hort-term Risks
"hort-term Risks

Reduction in dielectric stren&t-

Reduction in dielectric stren&t-
due to DbubbleE formation
due to DbubbleE formation
(J,/0C*
(J,/0C*

5unction of moisture content, &as

5unction of moisture content, &as
content, %ressure & tem%erature
content, %ressure & tem%erature

#$$le Formation
#$$le Formation
$ource8 EPRI Re%ort RP ,2>"#,

#$$le Predi%tion
#$$le Predi%tion

2 models a1ailable
2 models a1ailable

Com%lex model by Rouse et al+, sum

Com%lex model by Rouse et al+, sum
of instantaneous %artial %ressure of
of instantaneous %artial %ressure of
&as and )ater 1a%or 1s+ static
&as and )ater 1a%or 1s+ static
%ressure
%ressure

Em%irical model by T+ A+ 2ommen

Em%irical model by T+ A+ 2ommen
relates moisture content, &as
relates moisture content, &as
%ressure and static %ressure to onset
%ressure and static %ressure to onset
tem%erature
tem%erature

#$$le Predi%tion
#$$le Predi%tion
&Oommen'
&Oommen'
( ) 273 -
30
V

P
-
W
1.4495 + 22.454
6996.7
=
1.55
!
"
W
0.473 #
$%e& WP
'('')e
WP
1
]
1

,
_

1
]
1

EXP
ln ln
7-ere8

bubble
is bubble onset tem%erature
7
7P
is moisture content of %a%er (I by )&t*
P
%res
is static %ressure
A
&
is total &as concentration (I by 1ol*

!dditional Risks
!dditional Risks

Ex%ansion of oil beyond ca%acity

Ex%ansion of oil beyond ca%acity
of tan?
of tan?

Deterioration of &as?ets and seals

Deterioration of &as?ets and seals

Delamination of com%osite
Delamination of com%osite
insulatin& materials
insulatin& materials

Reduced mec-anical stren&t- of

Reduced mec-anical stren&t- of
conductor bondin& materials
conductor bondin& materials

!n%illar( Components
!n%illar( Components

.us-in&s
.us-in&s

FTCs
FTCs

DETCs
DETCs

Feads
Feads

.us-in& CTs
.us-in& CTs

#shings
#shings

2il#im%re&nated, %a%er#
2il#im%re&nated, %a%er#
insulated, ca%acitance#
insulated, ca%acitance#
&raded bus-in&s
&raded bus-in&s

Desi&ned )it- ,0@C

Desi&ned )it- ,0@C
bus-in& -ot s%ot limit at
bus-in& -ot s%ot limit at
rated load and "@C to% oil
rated load and "@C to% oil
tem%erature a1era&e o1er
tem%erature a1era&e o1er
2/ -ours
2/ -ours

21erload is %ossible
21erload is %ossible

#shing &%ont'
#shing &%ont'

21erload ris?s of bus-in&s include8

21erload ris?s of bus-in&s include8

Pressure build#u% due to oil ex%ansion

Pressure build#u% due to oil ex%ansion

Deterioration of &as?ets and seals

Deterioration of &as?ets and seals

T-ermal deterioration of %a%er

T-ermal deterioration of %a%er
insulation
insulation

Increase in dielectric loss, %ossibly

Increase in dielectric loss, %ossibly
resultin& in t-ermal runa)ay
resultin& in t-ermal runa)ay

Kas e1olution at extreme -ot s%ots

Kas e1olution at extreme -ot s%ots

#shing &%ont'
#shing &%ont'

21erload limits8
21erload limits8

/0C ambient
/0C ambient

,,0C transformer to% oil

,,0C transformer to% oil
tem%erature
tem%erature

2x rated bus-in& current

2x rated bus-in& current

,@0C bus-in& -ot s%ot tem%erature

,@0C bus-in& -ot s%ot tem%erature

Load Tap Changer
Load Tap Changer

Desi&ned )it- a contact rise

Desi&ned )it- a contact rise
o1er oil of less t-an 20C at
o1er oil of less t-an 20C at
,+2 times rated load
,+2 times rated load

Desi&ned to brea? t)ice

Desi&ned to brea? t)ice
rated current at least /0
rated current at least /0
times
times


Load Tap Changer
Load Tap Changer
&%ont'
&%ont'

21erload ris?s of FTCs include8

21erload ris?s of FTCs include8

Increased contact )ear and ablation )it- Increased contact )ear and ablation )it-
increased load durin& brea? o%erations increased load durin& brea? o%erations

Increased contact tem%eratures increases Increased contact tem%eratures increases

%robability and rate of co?in& of contacts %robability and rate of co?in& of contacts
(J,20C* (J,20C*

4i&-er o1erloads result in %rolon&ed arcin& 4i&-er o1erloads result in %rolon&ed arcin&
durin& brea? o%eration+ Dra&&in& t-e arc durin& brea? o%eration+ Dra&&in& t-e arc
across t-e contacts could result in s-ort# across t-e contacts could result in s-ort#
circuitin& t-e re&ulatin& )indin& circuitin& t-e re&ulatin& )indin&

Load Tap Changer
Load Tap Changer
&%ont'
&%ont'

21erload limits8
21erload limits8

,20C contact tem%erature (-i&-er is

,20C contact tem%erature (-i&-er is
2L, but may result in &reater
2L, but may result in &reater
maintenance*
maintenance*

2x FTC rated load current (limit

2x FTC rated load current (limit
brea?in& o%erations at -i&- load
brea?in& o%erations at -i&- load
le1el to fe) timesByear*
le1el to fe) timesByear*

Other
Other

DETC similar in ratin& to 2FTC

DETC similar in ratin& to 2FTC

Feads can be a concern+ $ame -ot

Feads can be a concern+ $ame -ot
s%ot limits a%%ly for leads as for
s%ot limits a%%ly for leads as for
)indin&s+ 4o)e1er, leads are usually
)indin&s+ 4o)e1er, leads are usually
not limitin&+
not limitin&+

.us-in& CTs are limited by transformer

.us-in& CTs are limited by transformer
to% oil tem%erature+ 0aintainin& a to%
to% oil tem%erature+ 0aintainin& a to%
oil M ,,0C s-ould a1oid excessi1e
oil M ,,0C s-ould a1oid excessi1e
tem%eratures
tem%eratures

)*ample Lead +eating
)*ample Lead +eating

Operation Con%erns
Operation Con%erns

DiGerence bet)een tested rises

DiGerence bet)een tested rises
and desi&n limits
and desi&n limits

9&e & loadin& -istory

9&e & loadin& -istory

Prior o%erational records

Prior o%erational records
(maintenance -istory*
(maintenance -istory*

21erall Condition (moisture, DK9,

21erall Condition (moisture, DK9,
oil 'uality*
oil 'uality*

,prating
,prating

9dd fans and %um%s

9dd fans and %um%s

Practical maximum Practical maximum

Caution must be exercised to a1oid lar&e Caution must be exercised to a1oid lar&e
-ot s%ot &radient -ot s%ot &radient

Increase siCe of -eat exc-an&er

Increase siCe of -eat exc-an&er

$ame ca1eats as abo1e $ame ca1eats as abo1e

7ater s%ray durin& %ea? loadin&

7ater s%ray durin& %ea? loadin&

Careful to a1oid excessi1e local Careful to a1oid excessi1e local

mec-anical forces and steam may cause mec-anical forces and steam may cause
3as-o1er of bus-in&s 3as-o1er of bus-in&s