Item File 20477 Eurocode 1-3-A

Eurocode 1
- Actions on structures -
Part 1-3: General Actions
Snow loads

Dr.-Ing. Gerhard Scheuermann

CONTENTS
General
Snow load on the ground and on roofs
Classification of actions
Design situations
Roof shape coefficient
Local effects
Exceptional snow drifts
Snow load maps
EUROCODE 1 Part 1-3: Snow load
General
Snow load on
ground and roof
Design situations
Classification
of actions
coefficient
Local effects
Snow drifts
Snow load maps
National Annex (NA)
- values/and or classes where alternatives are given
in the Eurocodes
- values to be used where a symbol only is given
- country specific data, e.g. snow map or a wind map
- the procedure to be used when alternative procedures are given
- decisions on the application of Informative Annexes
- reference to non-contradictory Annexes

General
Snow load on
ground and roof
Design situations
Classification
of actions
coefficient
Local effects
Snow drifts
Snow load maps

This Part does not apply for sites at altitudes above 1500 m

- Advice for the treatment of snow loads for loads above
1500m may be given in the National Annex

- Based on local conditions an alternative altitude limit may be
given in the National Annex

General
Snow load on
ground and roof
Design situations
Classification
of actions
coefficient
Local effects
Snow drifts
Snow load maps

This Part does not give guidance on specialist
aspects of snow loading, for example:
- impact snow loads resulting from snow sliding off or
falling from a higher roof
- the additional wind loads which could result from changes
in shape or size of the building structure due to the
presence of snow or the accretion of ice
- loads in areas where snow is present all year round
- ice loading (see ISO 12494: Athmospheric icing of
structures)
- snow loads on bridges
- lateral loading due to snow (e.g. lateral loads exerted by
drifts)
General
Snow load on
ground and roof
Design situations
Classification
of actions
coefficient
Local effects
Snow drifts
Snow load maps

General
Snow load on
ground and roof
Design situations
Classification
of actions
coefficient
Local effects
Snow drifts
Snow load maps

Snow load on the ground
Characteristic value
(1) statistical model
General
Snow load on
ground and roof
Design situations
Classification
of actions
coefficient
Local effects
Snow drifts
Snow load maps

(1) statistical model
(2) annual maximum snow load
(3) characteristic snow load s
k
has a probability of 98%
(=mean return once in 50 years)

General
Snow load on
ground and roof
Design situations
Classification
of actions
coefficient
Local effects
Snow drifts
Snow load maps

(4) characteristic snow load s
k
has a probability of
98% (=mean return once in 50 years)

where:
s
n
is the ground snow load with a return period of n years
P
n
is the annual probability of exceedance (equivalent to approximately
1/n, where n is the corresponding recurrence interval
V is the coefficient of variation of annual maximum snow load
( )
( ) ( ) | | 57722 , 0 1 ln ln
6
1
5923 , 2 1
+
+
=
n
n k
P V
V
s s
t
General
Snow load on
ground and roof
Design situations
Classification
of actions
coefficient
Local effects
Snow drifts
Snow load maps

- The characteristic value of snow load on the ground (s
k
)
should be in accordance with EN 1990
- The national Annex specifies the characteristic values
to be used
- To cover unusual local conditions the National Annex
may allow, for an individual project, the client and the
relevant authority to agree upon a different
characteristic value

General
Snow load on
ground and roof
Design situations
Classification
of actions
coefficient
Local effects
Snow drifts
Snow load maps
Exceptional values of snow load s
AD

- may be considered outside the usual statistical
methods if
s
extr.
> 1,5 s
k,98%

General
Snow load on
ground and roof
Design situations
Classification
of actions
coefficient
Local effects
Snow drifts
Snow load maps

Exceptional values of snow load s
AD

- may be considered outside the usual statistical
methods
s
extr.
> 1,5 s
k,98%

s
AD
= C
esl
s
k,98%

where:

s
AD
is the design value of exceptional snow load on the ground for the
given location
C
esl
is the coefficient for exceptional snow loads; the recommended
value C
esl
is 2,0
General
Snow load on
ground and roof
Design situations
Classification
of actions
coefficient
Local effects
Snow drifts
Snow load maps
Snow load on roofs
Nature of load caused by the properties
of a roof
- the shape of the roof
- its thermal properties
- the roughness of its surface
- the amount of heat generated under the roof
- the proximity of nearby buildings
- the surrounding terrain
- the local meteorological climate, in particular its
windiness a..s.o.
Load arrangements
- undrifted snow load on roofs
- drifted snow load on roofs
General
Snow load on
ground and roof
Design situations
Classification
of actions
coefficient
Local effects
Snow drifts
Snow load maps
Design situations
Load arrangements
for the persistent/transient design situations
s=
i
C
e
C
t
s
k
for the accidental design situations where exceptional
snow load is the accidental action
s=
i
C
e
C
t
s
Ad
for the accidental design situations where exceptional
snow drift is the accidental action
s=
i
s
k
where:
i
is the snow load shape coefficient
C
e
is the exposure coefficient (from 0,8 to 1,2)
C
t
is the thermal coefficient (C
t
= 1,0)

General
Snow load on
ground and roof
Design situations
Classification
of actions
coefficient
Local effects
Snow drifts
Snow load maps
Snow loads shall be classified as variable, fixed
actions. They should be classified as static
actions:

>

+ + +
1
1
, , 0 ,
" "
1 , 1 ,
" " " "
, ,
j
i
i k
Q
i i Q k
Q
Q
P
P j k
G
j G

leading variable action s
k
accompanying variable action s
k
Exceptional snow loads or exceptional snow
drifts can be treated as accidental actions:

>

+ + +
1
1
, , 2
" "
1 ,
) ( " " " "
,
1 , 2 1 , 1
j
i
i k
Q
i k
Q or A
j k
G
d

design value of exceptional snow load s
Ad
General
Snow load on
ground and roof
Design situations
Classification
of actions
coefficient
Local effects
Snow drifts
Snow load maps
Representative values
combination value
0
s
frequent value
1
s
quasi-permanent value
2
s
General
Snow load on
ground and roof
Design situations
Classification
of actions
coefficient
Local effects
Snow drifts
Snow load maps
Roof shape coefficients

General
Snow load on
ground and roof
Design situations
Classification
of actions
coefficient
Local effects
Snow drifts
Snow load maps
Monopitch roof

General
Snow load on
ground and roof
Design situations
Classification
of actions
coefficient
Local effects
Snow drifts
Snow load maps
Pitched roofs

General
Snow load on
ground and roof
Design situations
Classification
of actions
coefficient
Local effects
Snow drifts
Snow load maps
Multi-span roofs

General
Snow load on
ground and roof
Design situations
Classification
of actions
coefficient
Local effects
Snow drifts
Snow load maps
Cylindical roofs

General
Snow load on
ground and roof
Design situations
Classification
of actions
coefficient
Local effects
Snow drifts
Snow load maps
For | > 60
3
= 0
For | s 60
3
= 0,2 + 10h/b
Cylindical roofs

General
Snow load on
ground and roof
Design situations
Classification
of actions
coefficient
Local effects
Snow drifts
Snow load maps
Roof, abutting and close to taller structures

General
Snow load on
ground and roof
Design situations
Classification
of actions
coefficient
Local effects
Snow drifts
Snow load maps
For o s 15
s
= 0
For o > 15
s
= 50% of snow load on adjacent slope
w
= (b1 + b2) / 2h s h / s
k
with = 2 kN/m
The recommended range of
w
is
0,8 s
w
s 4
l
s
= 2h
Roof, abutting and close to taller structures

General
Snow load on
ground and roof
Design situations
Classification
of actions
coefficient
Local effects
Snow drifts
Snow load maps
For o s 15
s
= 0
For o > 15
s
= 50% of snow load on adjacent slope
w
= (b1 + b2) / 2h s h / s
k
with = 2 kN/m
The recommended range of
w
is
0,8 s
w
s 4
Local effects
Drifting at projections and obstructions

General
Snow load on
ground and roof
Design situations
Classification
of actions
coefficient
Local effects
Snow drifts
Snow load maps
1
= 0,8
2
= h / s
k
with the restriction 0,8 s
2
s 2,0

= weight density for snow taken as 2 kN/m

l
S
= 2h

5 s l
S
s 15m
Local effects
Drifting at projections and obstructions

General
Snow load on
ground and roof
Design situations
Classification
of actions
coefficient
Local effects
Snow drifts
Snow load maps
Local effects
Snow overhanging at the edge of a roof

General
Snow load on
ground and roof
Design situations
Classification
of actions
coefficient
Local effects
Snow drifts
Snow load maps
s
e
= k s /
= weight density for snow taken as 3 kN/m
k = 3 / d , but k s d

Local effects
Snow loads on snow guards and other obstacles

General
Snow load on
ground and roof
Design situations
Classification
of actions
coefficient
Local effects
Snow drifts
Snow load maps
F
s
= s b sin o

Exceptional snow drift
Multi-span roofs

General
Snow load on
ground and roof
Design situations
Classification
of actions
coefficient
Local effects
Snow drifts
Snow load maps
1
= 2h/s
k
or
1
= 2b
3
/ (l
s1
+l
s2
) or
1
= 5
Cylindical roofs
Snow drifts

General
Snow load on
ground and roof
Design situations
Classification
of actions
coefficient
Local effects
Snow drifts
Snow load maps
Roofs, abutting and close to taller roofs

General
Snow load on
ground and roof
Design situations
Classification
of actions
coefficient
Local effects
Snow drifts
Snow load maps
l
s
= least value of
5 h or b
1
or 15m
Roofs where drifting occurs at projections ,
obstructions

General
Snow load on
ground and roof
Design situations
Classification
of actions
coefficient
Local effects
Snow drifts
Snow load maps
= least value of 2 h / s
k
or 5
l
s
= least value of 5 h or b
i
and h s 1m
s 2b / l
s
Roofs where drifting occurs at parapets

General
Snow load on
ground and roof
Design situations
Classification
of actions
coefficient
Local effects
Snow drifts
Snow load maps
= least value of 2 h / s
k
or 5
l
s
= least value of 5 h or b
i
and h s 1m
Snow Load Maps
European Climatic Regions

General
Snow load on
ground and roof
Design situations
Classification
of actions
coefficient
Local effects
Snow drifts
Snow load maps
Snow Load Maps
Altitude-Snow Load Relationships

General
Snow load on
ground and roof
Design situations
Classification
of actions
coefficient
Local effects
Snow drifts
Snow load maps
Snow Load Maps

General
Snow load on
ground and roof
Design situations
Classification
of actions
coefficient
Local effects
Snow drifts
Snow load maps
Snow Load Maps

General
Snow load on
ground and roof
Design situations
Classification
of actions
coefficient
Local effects
Snow drifts
Snow load maps
Snow Load Maps

General
Snow load on
ground and roof
Design situations
Classification
of actions
coefficient
Local effects
Snow drifts
Snow load maps
Snow Load Maps
Latvia republic

General
Snow load on
ground and roof
Design situations
Classification
of actions
coefficient
Local effects
Snow drifts
Snow load maps
Snow Load Maps

General
Snow load on
ground and roof
Design situations
Classification
of actions
coefficient
Local effects
Snow drifts
Snow load maps
Snow Load Maps
General
Snow load on
ground and roof
Design situations
Classification
of actions
coefficient
Local effects
Snow drifts
Snow load maps
1,7 kN/m
1,7 kN/m
1,6 kN/m
1,5 kN/m

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Eurocode 1

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