Linguitecture is the design of language.
It is coined as an alternative to architecture of language to capture the meaning more appropriately.
It attempts to motivate word-formation processes in terms of ka:rmik linguistic theory.
The tables are mostly taken from the internet sources related to the topics. They will be acknowledged properly in the paper. Sorry for the delay.
Linguitecture is the design of language.
It is coined as an alternative to architecture of language to capture the meaning more appropriately.
It attempts to motivate word-formation processes in terms of ka:rmik linguistic theory.
The tables are mostly taken from the internet sources related to the topics. They will be acknowledged properly in the paper. Sorry for the delay.
Linguitecture is the design of language.
It is coined as an alternative to architecture of language to capture the meaning more appropriately.
It attempts to motivate word-formation processes in terms of ka:rmik linguistic theory.
The tables are mostly taken from the internet sources related to the topics. They will be acknowledged properly in the paper. Sorry for the delay.
Centre for Advanced Studies in Linguistics, O.U. 4 th September, 2014 Linguitecture in English Word-formation: A Ka:rmik Linguistic Motivation By Chilukuri Bhuvaneswar Pioneer of Ka:rmik Linguistic Theory Ka:rmik Literary Theory Ka:rmik Language Teaching Approach
Aims and Objectives 1
Aim: To Provide a Linguistic Motivation for Word-formation in English in the Ka:rmik Linguistic Paradigm
Aims and Objectives 2 Objectives 1. To Discover Empirical Evidence for The Principles of Exploration of Variables (PEV)
ECV PEV CNV CNV(D) ECV Exploration of Contextual Variables PEV Productive Extension of Variables CNV Creation of New Variables CNV(D) Deletion of Variables Aims and Objectives 3 2. To reveal the Computational Design in the Linguitecture of English Word-formation as a Ka:rmikopoeitic Sub-System
Hypothesis The linguitecture of English Word-formation is neither GENETICALLY INHERITED nor FUNCTIONALLY ACQUIRED nor CONCEPTUALIZED but DISPOSITIONALLY CREATED and established by Individual-Collective-Contextual-Conjunction-and- Standardization of Lingual Action (ICCCS(L)A))
Literature Review: Research Gap 1. In the Linguistic Analysis of English Word- formation Processes, the focus is only on the individual word-formation processes and their description and motivation and Morpheme/Word-Based Morphology. 2. The Linguitecture of English Word-formation Processes is not motivated as a WHOLE in an I-I-I Network of English language as a system
The Linguitecture of English WFPs: Use of Language Basic Constituents of a Word
STEM (ROOT in Morphology) Three Basic Constituents BASE in a Word (BASE MORPHEME)
WORD STEM OF A WORD A STEM is the form of a word stripped of all affixes that is recognizable as such in English: eg: man, person, apply, abattoir, rhinoceros (Quirk, et al 1986: 1519). BASE OF A WORD A base is a unit with which an affix is combined but it can be distinct or identical with the stem as follows:
(1) Word: jealous = base jeal- + affix -ous [the base here is identical with the stem, but neither is a word in English]
(2) a. Word: polarize = base polar + affix ze; b. Word: depolarize = affix de- + base polarize [the base here is not identical with the stem in either case, the stem being pole; but both the base and the stem are English words]
(3) (be)spectacled [wearing spectacles] = base spectacle + affix -ed [here the base is identical with the stem, but although the word spectacle exists in English it is only the stem of the plural spectacles that constitutes the base in spectacled ] (see Quirk et al 1986: 1518-19)
Principle of Analogy In addition to these three basic constituents, we can include
the principle of analogy
as a cognitive constituent in the formation of words by derivation. (4) x-otherapy [treatment by means of x on the analogy (both formal and semantic) of a pattern of words such as psych-o- therapy; physi-o-therapy]: a pattern or paradigm of similar items becomes established, and new coinings are made conforming to this pattern by derivation.
STEM (ROOT), BASE (BASE MORPHEME) AND WORD: RELATION The relationship between stem (root), base (base morpheme) and word can be captured by the following equation:
(4) Stem/Word Base Word Affixation/Analogy [ apparently transforms into ; gradually evolves into ; through the process of ]
This is with reference to words formed from stems as bases (roots in morphology) and bases (base morphemes according to Quirk et al 1986: 1520). The Linguitecture of English WFPs: Use of Language The Linguitecture of English WFPs: Creation of Language ENGLISH WORD-FORMATION PROCESSES Affixation Conversion, Back-formation, Backwords English Reduplication, Compounding, Blending WFPS Clipping, Dimunitives Acronym, Initialism Borrowing, Calque
Affixation Affixation is the formation of words by adding derivational affixes to different types of bases. An affix is not-root or a bound morpheme that modifies the meaning and / or syntactic category of the stem in some way.
Degrees of Derivation 1. Zero - degree of derivation is ascribed to simple words, i.e. words whose stem is homonymous with a word-form and often with a root-morpheme, e.g. atom, haste, devote, anxious, horror, etc. 2. First - derived words whose bases are built on simple stems and thus are formed by the application of one derivational affix, e.g. atomic, hasty, devotion, etc. 3. Second - derived words formed by two consecutive stages of coining, e.g. atomical, hastily, devotional, etc.
Categories of Affixes 1 Categories of Affixes 2 Types of Suffixes 2. According to the part of speech formed suffixes fall into several groups: a) noun-forming suffixes: -age (breakage, bondage); -ance/-ence (assistance, reference); -dom (freedom, kingdom); -er (teacher, baker); -ess (actress, hostess); -ing (building, wasing); b) adjective-forming suffixes: -able/-ible/-uble (favourable, incredible, soluble); -al (formal, official); -ic (dynamic); -ant/-ent (repentant, dependent); c) numeral-forming suffixes: -fold (twofold); -teen (fourteen); -th (sixth); -ty (thirty); d) verb-forming suffixes: -ate (activate); -er (glimmer); -fy/-ify (terrify, specify); -ize (minimize); -ish (establish); e) adverb-forming suffixes: -ly (quickly, coldly); -ward/-wards (backward, northwards); -wise (likewise).
Semantic Categorization of Suffixes 3. Semantically suffixes fall into: a) Monosemantic:the suffix -ess has only one meaning female tigress, tailoress; a) Polysemantic: the suffix -hood has two meanings: 1) condition or quality falsehood, womanhood; 2) collection or group brotherhood.
Suffixation according to Denotational Meaning 4. According to their generalizing denotational meaning suffixes may fall into several groups. E.g., noun-suffixes fall into those denoting:
a) the agent of the action: -er (baker); -ant (accountant); b) appurtenance: -an/-ian (Victorian, Russian); -ese (Chinese); c) collectivity: -dom (officialdom); -ry (pleasantry); d) Diminutiveness:-ie (birdie); -let (cloudlet); -ling (wolfling).
Compounding Noun-noun compound: note + book notebook adjective-noun compound: blue + berry blueberry Verb-noun compound: work + room workroom Noun-verb compound: breast + feed breastfeed Verb-verb compound: stir + fry stir -fry Adjective-verb compound: high + light highlight Verb- preposition compound: break + up breakup preposition-verb compound: out + run outrun Adjective-adjective compound: bitter + sweet bittersweet preposition- preposition compound: in + to into
Conversion "Conversion is the derivational process whereby an item changes its word-class without the addition of an affix" (Quirk, Randolph and Greenbaum, 1987: 441). Thus, when the noun 'sign' (1) shifts to the verb 'sign(ed)' (2) without any change in the word form we can say this is a case of conversion 1 . However, it does not mean that this process takes place in all the cases of homophones (Marchand, 1972: 225). Sometimes, the connection has to do with coincidences or old etymological ties that have been lost.. For example, 'mind' (3 and 4) and 'matter' (5 and 6) are cases of this grammatical sameness without connection by conversionthe verbs have nothing to do today with their respective noun forms in terms of semantics (ibid.: 243). Types of Conversion 3.1 Conversion from verb to noun
the nouns 'experience 'fear 'feel or 'hope
Conversion 2 2. Conversion from noun to verb They can express the action of putting in or on the noun: such as in pocket(ed) (to put into the pocket), 'film(ing)' (to put into a film) and 'practice' (32). These verbs can also have the meaning of "to provide with (the noun)" or "to give (the noun)", like 'name' (33) (to give a name to somebody), 'shape' (34) (to give shape to something) or 'fuel(s)' (35). Conversion 3 3 Conversion from adjective to verb Adjectives can also go through the process of conversion, especially to verbs. De-adjectival verbs get the meaning of "to make (adjective)". It can be easily seen by means of examples like 'black(ed)' (45) (to make black), 'open' (46), 'slow(ing)' (47)... In some cases, when these transitive verbs are used intransitively, a secondary conversion may happen (Quirk, 1997: 1561-1562), as it will be explained later on.
Conversion 4 4 Conversion from a closed category to any other category
Closed-class categories can also undergo conversion. Although their frequency is much less common, the process is not ungrammatical. All morphologic categories have examples of this kind (Cannon, 1985:425-426).
Prepositions are probably the most productive ones. They can easily become adverbs, nouns and verbs. This is the case of 'up' (48 and 49) and 'out' (37 and 50).
Conversion to noun may as well occur in adverbs like in 'outside' (51) and 'inside' (51); conjunctions, as regarded in 'ifs' (52) and 'buts' (52);
interjections and non-lexical items, like 'ho ho ho's' (53) and 'ha ha ha' (54); affixes such as 'mini-' (55) can appear as noun (56) and proper noun (55)....
Conversion to verb is frequent in onomatopoeic expressions like 'buzz' (57), 'beep' (57) or 'woo(ing)' (58). Finally, phrase compounds can appear as adjectives, such as in 'borrow-the-mower' (59), 'down-to-earth' (60) or 'now-it-can-be-told' (61).
COMPOUNDING Noun-noun compound: note + book notebook adjective-noun compound: blue + berry blueberry Verb-noun compound: work + room workroom Noun-verb compound: breast + feed breastfeed Verb-verb compound: stir + fry stir -fry Adjective-verb compound: high + light highlight Verb- preposition compound: break + up breakup preposition-verb compound: out + run outrun Adjective-adjective compound: bitter + sweet bittersweet preposition- preposition compound: in + to into
Partial Conversion 1 Conversion from noun to adjective 'Mahogany music box' can be used in an attributive way, "the music box is mahogany". This implies 'mahogany' is a denominal adjective. Partial Conversion 2 2 Conversion from adjective to noun Adjectives can also shift into nouns, though it is not very frequent. It mainly happens in well- established patterns of adjective plus noun phrase. Nominalisation occurs when the noun is elided and the adjective is widely used as a synonym of an existing set pattern. This could be the case of 'a Chinese favorite'
Reduplication Reduplication is a linguistic form which contains systematic non-recursive repetition of phonological material for morphological or lexical purposes.
1.1 Form1.1.1 Full and partial reduplication 1.1.2 Reduplicant position 1.1.3 Copying direction 1.1.4 Reduplication and other morphological processes 1.1.5 Phonological processes, environment, and reduplicant-base relations
Reduplication in English English has several types of reduplication, ranging from informal expressive vocabulary (the first four forms below) to grammatically meaningful forms (the last two below).
Rhyming reduplication: hokey-pokey, razzle-dazzle, super-duper, boogie-woogie, teenie- weenie, walkie-talkie, hoity-toity, wingding, ragtag. Although at first glance
Exact reduplications (baby-talk-like): bye-bye, choo-choo, night-night, no-no, pee-pee, poo- poo. Couscous is not an English example for reduplication, since it is taken from a French word which has a Maghrebi origin.
Ablaut reduplications: bric-a-brac, chit-chat, criss-cross, ding-dong, jibber-jabber, kitty-cat, knick-knack, pitter-patter, splish-splash, zig-zag, flimflam. In the ablaut reduplications, the first vowel is almost always a high vowel and the reduplicated ablaut variant of the vowel is a low vowel.
Shm-reduplication can be used with most any word; e.g. baby-shmaby, cancer- schmancer and fancy-schmancy.
Reduplication 2
Comparative reduplication:
In the sentence "John's apple looked redder and redder," the reduplication of the comparative indicates that the comparative is becoming more true over time, meaning roughly "John's apple looked progressively redder as time went on." In particular, this construction does not mean that John's apple is redder than some other apple, which would be a possible interpretation in the absence of reduplication, e.g. in "John's apple looked redder."
Contrastive focus reduplication: Exact reduplication can be used with contrastive focus (generally where the first noun is stressed) to indicate a literal, as opposed to figurative, example of a noun, or perhaps a sort of Platonic ideal of the noun, as in "Is that carrot cheesecake or carrot CAKE-cake?". [3] This is similar to the Finnish use mentioned below.
Reduplicant Position 3 Reduplicant position Reduplication may be initial (i.e. prefixal), final (i.e. suffixal), or internal (i.e. infixal), e.g. Initial reduplication in Agta (CV- prefix): [uab+'afternoon'*uuab]'late afternoon'(u-uab) [aaj]'a long time'*aaaj]'a long time (in years)'(a-aaj)(Healey 1960) Final reduplication in Dakota (-CCV suffix): [hska+'tall (singular)'*hskaska]'tall (plural)'(hska-ska) [wate]'good (singular)'*watete]'good (plural)'(wate-te)(Shaw 1980, Marantz 1982, Albright 2002) Internal reduplication in Samoan (-CV- infix): savali'he/she walks' (singular)savavali'they walk' (plural)(sa-va- vali) alofa'he/she loves' (singular)alolofa'they love' (plural)(a-lo- lofa)(Moravcsik 1978, Broselow and McCarthy 1984) le tamaloa'the man' (singular) [1] tamaloloa'men' (plural)(tama-lo-loa)Internal reduplication is much less common than the initial and final types.
SHORTENING (Dimunitives) 1. shortening is the formation of a word by cutting off a part of the word. a) initial (or aphesis):fend (v) < defend, phone < telephone; b) medial (orsyncope): specs < spectacles, fancy < fantasy; c) final (or apocope): lab laboratory, exam examination; d) both initial and final: flu < influenza, fridge < refrigerator;.
Motivation in Generative Grammar 1 1. Genetic Inheritance Only the Hardware but not the Software
* the Vocal Organ * Analyticity * Disposition at Birth Not * RULES OF LANGUAGE Motivation in Generative Grammar 2 2. AUTONOMY and LANGUAGE SPECIFICITY
* Rules are Products of General Cognitive Abilities * They are A POSTERIORI Not A PRIORI Motivation in Generative Grammar 3 3. Internal Linguistic Evidence
* QLB in Telugu * Backwords in English * Reduplication * Blends Motivation in Functional Linguistics 1 1. Language is as it is because of what it does
2. Language is as it is NOT because of what it does BUT because of what it is INTENDED to do what it does
Motivation in Functional Linguistics 2 1. Alternative Ways of Saying the Same Thing
2. Synonymy
Send Again Vs Resend Motivation in Cognitive Linguistics 1 1. CHOICE in Cognition
2. Cognition is ONLY Instrumental
3. Cognition is NOT Agential
Universal Sciences of Action-Living- Lingual Action
US Action
US Living
US Lingual Action Networks within Networks Network 1 Sub-Network i..n
Network 3 Network 2
Sub-Network i..n Sub-Network i..n
PEV The Principles of Exploration of Variables (PEV)
ECV PEV CNV CNV(D) ECV Exploration of Contextual Variables PEV Productive Extension of Variables CNV Creation of New Variables CNV(D) Deletion of Variables
English WFP Principles HOLORCHY OF KA:RMIK REALITY WFP COGNEME COGNITION NETWORK Network 3. Experiential Meaning Chakram: a. Outer Chakram; b. Titled Inner Chakram
ICCCSA Network
Ka:rmikopoeisis 1: Disposition Ka:rmikopoeisis 2: Equations of Action
(1) Disposition Desire Effort Action Result Experience (2) Disposition Dispositional Bias Response Bias Choice Variation Action Result Experience Conduct of Action
Intuitive Understanding of a Phenomenon
Troubleshooting
Problem Solving Strategies/ Innovative Action Go to EV
Solution
HOLORCHY OF KA:RMIK REALITY
CONCLUSION 1. We have provided a linguistic motivation of WFPs in English in the Formal, Functional, Cognitive, and Ka:rmik Linguistic Models.
2. The Analysis shows evidence for Exploration of Variables, Networks-within-Networks. 3. WFP are created in an Ka:rmikopoeitic Structure.
On the Evolution of Language
First Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1879-80,
Government Printing Office, Washington, 1881, pages 1-16