Click to edit the title text format

Revised powerpoint for SCNC1112

presentation ( Group H2)
New slides:

- slide page 7
Significance of BAT in infants

- slide page 21
Research on Brown Adipose Tissue



Group H2:
Shirley Chan Cheuk Ting
NG Ngan Ling
Gaga Kwok Yiu Hei
Celia Kwong Mei Yee
Tracy So Wai Shuen
Rita Yuen Kwai Yin


Click to edit the title text format
Keeping 'fat' in order
to lose weight~ The Brown
Fat ~
Group H2:
Shirley Chan Cheuk Ting
NG Ngan Ling
Gaga Kwok Yiu Hei
Celia Kwong Mei Yee
Tracy So Wai Shuen
Rita Yuen Kwai Yin
Rita Yuen Kwai Yin
Our focus
- What is Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT)?
- Difference between BAT and white
adipose tissue (WAT)
- Mechanism and implications
- Scientific research progress of brown
fat
BAT and the society
Obesity is a big concern.



Ways of keeping fit?




BAT may help...

Brown fat: Fat that makes you thin
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VFMLXjWHzYg
Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT)
- also named as "Brown Fat"
o brownish: mitochondria
o proliferate in response to cold
- present in mammals

- Main function:
o generate body heat in animals and newborns
(by burning calories)
o regulating heat

- infants: BAT
o upper half of the spine
o towards the shoulders and collar bones
- adults: WAT
some BAT: upper chest and neck

Significance of BAT in infants
To balance heat loss and production of infants
large ratio of human brain in infants
lacks of shivering reflexes and ability to produce heat through
physical activity (non-shivering thermogensis)
higher ratio of body surface to body volume
underdeveloped nervous system
Low subcutaneous fat content --> less insulation.
Inability to acquire enough calories-->not enough nutrients for
thermogenesis.
pulmonary problems --> limited consumption


Differences between White adipose
Tissue and BAT
Structure

Origin

Developmental pattern

Location

Function

Gene expression
Structure
number of lipid droplet
mitochondrial density
vascularization
uncoupling protein 1

positron emission
tomography


Origin
mesodermal stem cell
adipoblast white/brown
preadipocyte mature
adipocyte

BAT has myogenic signature

not certain
- no unique markers
- BAT found in WAT in rodents
exopsed to cold
Developmental pattern
Fetal development: BAT earlier
o 5% body mass
o max. BAT at birth

BAT decreases, WAT increases
with aging
o BAT decreases age-related
decline in thermogenesis
possible age-related obesity

Location

WAT :
- in areas all over the body
-subcutaneous,intra-abdominal
depots -->main compartments
for fat storage

BAT :
-abundant at birth
- in axillary, cervical, perirenal,
and periadrenal regions
-present in adulthood but to a
lesser extent

Function

WAT :
-protection of internal organ
-energy storage
-maintaining of constant body temperature

BAT :
- regulation energy balance
50 g of BAT could account for 20% of daily energy expenditure
age-related decline in thermogenesis with a reduction in the amount of
functional BAT
-regulation of whole-body energy homeostasis
e.g.ectopic brown adipocytes








Gene expression


UCP-1 gene: Turning "on" and "off"


-fractions isolated from BAT differentiate into UCP-1-expressing cells

-isolates from WAT differentiate into fat without UCP-1

-other stimuli can induce UCP-1 expression or inhibit UCP-1 gene
expression




Mechanism
stimulate sympathetic nerves to release
catecholamines(Norepinephrine) in BAT

-> stimulates the BAT cells to oxidize substrates
more rapidly

-> stimulate proliferation and heat production by
brown fat cells

-> Mitochondria proliferate in response to cold,
both the concentration of the polypeptide and the
binding of purine nucleotides increase.



Thermogenesis

- occur through expression of uncoupling
protein-1 (UCP- 1)
--> a 32 kDa protein
--> found in the inner membrane
--> allows dissipation of the proton electro-
chemical
-->expressed in the form of heat

( Cannon and Nedergaard, 2004)
Adverse effects of too much
BAT:
1.infants:increase risks for
obesity and weight problems
in childhood and adulthood

2.adults: BAT usually consider
as good fat to help reduce
obesity and diabetes but more
research is required for
discovering if there are
adverse effects
How is this related to our
current lives?
BAT burn stored calories
adults lose most BAT to increase metabolic
efficiency
some amount of BAT is found in the body
activating BAT may help to alleviate some current
health issues

e.g. weight-loss -->obesity
e.g. increase glucose homeostasis --> diabetes


Possible applications:
1.Brown Fat Pills with protein (BMP-7) to increase
production of BAT

2.Cold Therapy by triggering cold-induced
thermogenesis
e.g.Alternating temperature when taking a bath

3. Brown Fat Transplantation by inserting BAT
directly
Research on Brown Adipose Tissue
Oxygen consumption rate (OCR)
- demonstrates the capacity to burn calories
-comparison of OCRs of human BAT cells and mouse constitutive BAT cells +
OCRs of human BAT cells and human WAT
- the first study to directly measure brown fat cells' OCR
RESULTS:
- the OCR of the human BAT cells from the deep human neck location: nearly
50% of the mouse BAT cells
-the OCR of human WAT: only 1/100 of the OCR found in the most active
human BAT
-brown fat cells have a great capacity to burn fat
FUNCTIONS:
-able to grow new functional brown fat cells (adipocytes) by differentiating
precursor cells (preadipocytes) derived from both superficial and deep human
neck fat tissue
-When stimulated, the cells expressed the same genes as naturally occurring
brown fat cells
-the first report of the production of brown fat cells (adipogenesis) that can
respond to pharmacological stimulation
Current development
Should we try to increase our brown fat content?

A study by the Universite de Sherbrooke, Canada:

- The more brown fat a person had, the longer it
took before he would start to shiver.

- When the brown fat cells were active, the
volunteers burned an extra 250 calories; a 1.8
times increase in calorie burning rate.



- did find that lean people have more brown fat than
obese individuals


- how humans could increase their brown fat
content?


- too early to make any conclusions regarding the
weight-loss benefits of brown fat

How is this relevant to weight loss?
CHANGING METABOLISM




Reference List
J.H. Hagen (1979) Obesity may be due to a malfunctioning of brown fat. Can Med Assoc J. 1979 November 17;
121(10): 13611364. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1704532/?page=1
G. Kolata,(2009, April 8) Calorie-Burning Fat? Studies Say You Have It, The New York Times, Retrieved from
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/09/health/research/09fat.html?_r=1&
P.Seale & M.A.Lazar (2009) Brown Fat in Humans: Turning up the head on obesity, Diabetes July 2009, 58(7),
1452-1484,ldoi: 10.2337/db09-0622, retrieved from
http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/58/7/1482.full.pdf+htm
C. Nordqvist (2012, January 31) What is Brown Fat? What is Brown Adipose Tissue?,Medical News Today,
Retrieved from http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/240989.php

B.Canon & J. Nedergaad(2004) Brown Adipose Tissue: Function and Physiological Significance, Physiological
Reviews, 84(1), 277-359, retrieved from http://physrev.physiology.org/content/84/1/277.long








S.Gesta & H.T.Yu & C.R. Kahn (2007),Developmental Origin of Fat: Tracking Obesity to Its Source Cell, 131(2), 242-
256, retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009286740701272X
D. Hull & M.M.Segall (1966) Distinction of Brown from White Adipose Tissue, Nature 212 , 469-472,
doi:10.1038/212469a0

Daniel Cressey ( 2009, Jul 30 ) Fighting fat with fat, Nature News, retrieved from
http://blogs.nature.com/news/2009/07/fighting_fat_with_fat.html

B. Sallinen & D. E. Sandberg (2009 June) Brown Fat Controls PRDM16 and Bone Morphogenetic
Protein 7, Growth, Genetics & Hormones, 25(1), retrieved from
http://gghjournal.com/volume25/1/pdf/ab11.pdf

C. Nordqvist (2012, January 25) Brown Fat - Keeps You Warm And Keeps You Slim,Medical News
Today, Retrieved from http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/240759.php


J.Mishra (2004) Importance of thermoregulation in the newborn: role of brown fat, Orissa Journal of
Medical Biochemistry, Vol 1, retreived from http://www.saihp.org.in/articles/biomerarticle2.pdf

Joslin Diabetes Center (2013, April 22) Scientists Advance Understanding of Human Brown Adipose
Tissue and Grow New Cells, Science Daily, Retrieved from
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/04/130422175840.htm

Reference List
Click to edit the title text format
~THE END~