Registers

A flip-flop stores one bit of information

When a set of n flip-flops is used to store n
bits of information, such as an n-bit number,
we refer to these flip-flops as a register
Two types of register:
Shift Register
Parallel Access Shift Register
Shift Register
A register that provides the ability to shift
its contents is called a shift register
Example four-bit shift register
Shift its contents one bit position to the right
Data bits are loaded in serial fashion
Contents are transferred to the next flip-flop at
each positive edge of the clock
Figure 5.17. A simple shift register.
D Q
Q
Clock
D Q
Q
D Q
Q
D Q
Q
In Out
t
0
t
1
t
2
t
3
t
4
t
5
t
6
t
7
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
Q
1
Q
2
Q
3
Q
4
Out = In
(b) A sample sequence
(a) Circuit
Q
1
Q
2
Q
3
Q
4
Parallel-Access Shift Register
Figure 5.18. Parallel-access shift register.
Example 1
What is the difference of a latch and a flip-
flop?
Latch is a level sensitive device.
Flip-flops are edge sensitive devices.

Example 2
Answer
Example 3
Answer
Example 4
Answer
Example 5
Answer
Counters
Circuits that can increment or decrement a
count by 1
Designed using T and D flip-flops
Asynchronous Counters:
Up-Counter with T Flip-Flops
Down-Counter with T Flip-Flops
Synchronous Counters:
Synchronous Counter with T Flip-Flop
Synchronous Counter with D Flip-Flop




Counters
Counters with Parallel Load
Normally, initial count being equal to 0
Sometimes it is desirable to start with different
count
Other types of counters:
BCD Counter
Ring Counter
Johnson Counter

Up-Counter with T Flip-Flops
3-bit counter from 0 to 7
Clock inputs are connected in cascade
T input of each flip-flop is connected to
constant 1
Because it counts in the upward direction,
we call it an up-counter

Figure 5.19. A three-bit up-counter.
T Q
Q
Clock
T Q
Q
T Q
Q
1
Q
0
Q
1
Q
2
(a) Circuit
Clock
Q
0
Q
1
Q
2
Count 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
(b) Timing diagram
Down-Counter with T Flip-Flops
Clock inputs of the 2
nd
and 3
rd
flip-flops are
driven by the Q outputs of the preceding
stages
The circuit counts in the sequence
0,7,6,5,4,3,2,1,0,7,6
Because it counts in downward direction,
we call it down-counter
Figure 5.20. A three-bit down-counter.
T Q
Q
Clock
T Q
Q
T Q
Q
1
Q
0
Q
1
Q
2
(a) Circuit
Clock
Q
0
Q
1
Q
2
Count 0 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
(b) Timing diagram