RAILWAY TRACK CRACK DETECTION

Bhavana
Raghuveer.CH

Harikoti
Manoj

Transport has throughout history been a spur to expansion as better

transport leads to more trade.
Economic prosperity has always been dependent on increasing the
capacity and rationality of transport.

ACCIDENTS DUE TO RAIL DERAILMENT

The Indian Railways today has 113,617 kilometers (70,598 mi).of total track
over a route of 63,974 kilometers (39,752 mi) and 7,083 stations. It has the
world's fourth largest railway network after those of the United States, Russia
and China. The railways traverse the length and breadth of the country and
carry over 30 million passengers and 2.8 million tons of freight car.

Previous Methods
Visual Inspections:Not possible in INDIA.
Ultrasonic Inspection:Ultrasonic can only inspect the core of materials; that is,
the
method cannot check for surface and nearsurface cracking
where many of the faults are located
Eddy Current Inspection:Eddy currents are used to tide over this limitation associated
with ultrasonics. They are effectively used to check for cracks
located at the surface of metals such as rails.

Previous methods
Magnetic Particle Inspection(MPI):MPI is also used in the rail industry but there are a
number of problems inherent with this technique, some
of which are mentioned below:
Surface of the rail or component must first be cleaned
of all coatings, rust and so on.
To get a sensitive reading, contrast paint must first be
applied to the rail, followed by the
magnetic particle coating.
The same inspection must then be carried out in two
different directions at a very slow overall
speed.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED
HARDWARE REQUIRED

Transformer
Bridge Rectifier
Capacitor
Regulator
8051 Microcontroller
LDR
Resisitors
DC motor
LED

SOFTWARE REQUIRED

KEIL SOFTWARE.

Light Dependent resistor(LDR)

LDR properties
LDRs are light dependent
devices
whose R decreases when
light falls on them and
increases in the dark.
When a LDR is kept in
dark, its resistance is very
high. This resistance is
called as dark resistance.
It can be as high as 1012
. And if the device is
allowed to absorb light
its R will
decreasedrastically.Ifcons
tant voltage is applied to
it and intensity of light is
increasedthe current start
sincreasing.

TRANSFORMER
A transformer can be defined as a
static device which helps in the
transformation of electric power
in one circuit to electric power of
the same frequency in another
circuit. The voltage can be raised
or lowered in a circuit, but with a
proportional increase or decrease
in the current ratings.

BRIDGE
RECTIFIER
A Full wave rectifier is a
circuit arrangement
which makes use of both
half cycles of input
alternating current (AC)
and convert them to
direct current (DC). The
transformer secondary is
connected to two
diametrically opposite
points of the bridge at
points A & C. The load
resistance RL is
connected to bridge
through points B and D.

CAPACITOR
A capacitor (originally
known as a condenser)
is a passive twoterminal electrical
component used to
store energy electrostatic
ally in an electric field.
The forms of practical
capacitors vary widely,
but all contain at least
two electrical
conductors(plates)
separated by
a dielectric (i.e. insulator)
. The conductors can be
thin films, foils or
sintered beads of metal
or conductive electrolyte,
etc

REGULATOR
A voltage regulator is
designed to automatically
maintain a constant
voltage level. Electronic
voltage regulators are found
in devices such as
computer power
supplies where they stabilize
the DC voltages used by the
processor and other
elements. In
automobilealternators and
central power
station generator plants,
voltage regulators control
the output of the plant. In
an electric power
distribution system.

8051
MICROCONTROLL
ER

Resistor is an
electrical component
that reduces the
electric current.
The resistor's ability
to reduce the current
is called resistance
and is measured in
units of ohms
(symbol: ).
If we make an
analogy to water flow
through pipes, the
resistor is a thin pipe
that reduces the

Light Emitting Diode(LED)

LEDs, or light
emitting diodes, are
semiconductor
devices that produce
visible light when an
electrical current is
passed through
them. LEDs are a
type of Solid State
Lighting (SSL), as are
organic light
emitting diodes
(OLEDs) and light
emitting polymers
(LEPs).

In any electric motor,

operation is based on
simple electromagnetism.
A current-carrying
conductor generates a
magnetic field; when this
is then placed in an
external magnetic field, it
will experience a force
proportional to
the current in the
conductor, and to the
strength of the external
magnetic field. As you are
well aware of from playing
with magnets as a kid,
opposite (North and
South) polarities.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

 PRACTICAL KIT PHOTO

 Embedded C program
specifically showing
THRESHOLD values

ADVANTAGES
It reduces manpower.
Crack detecting efficiency is high.

Accuracy is high.
It consumes very low power for entire device.
Lost cost and simple structure.

Future Aspects

CONCLUSION
The project AUTOMATIC BROKEN TRACK DETECTION
USING LED-LDR
ASSEMBLY has been successfully designed and tested.
It has been developed by integrating features of all the
hardware components used.
Presence of every module has been reasoned out and placed
carefully thus contributing to the
best working of the unit.
Using highly advanced ICs (LPC2148) and with the help of
growing technology the
project has been successfully implemented.

Any Queries?