Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 2 - Periodic Trends
Chapter 2 - Periodic Trends
Chapter 2 - Periodic Trends
Atomic size
(i) Down the Group
Atomic size
(ii) Across the period
Atomic size decreases from left to right
Reason : steady increase in the effective nuclear charge
cause the valence electron to be held more strongly by
nucleus
Explanation
Elements in same period have the same principal
quantum number, n.
However the nuclear charge increases as the
number of protons increases.
Effective nuclear charge the strength of
attraction between the outer most electrons and
the nuclear charge .
Element
Na
Si
Cl
Electron
configuration
1s22s22p63s1
1s22s22p63s23p2
1s22s2sp63s23p5
Period
3
3
3
Na
1s22s22p63s1
Zeff = 11-10
Mg
1s22s22p63s2
Zeff = 12 10
=1
=2
Al
1s22s22p63s23p1
Zeff = 13 10
=3
Si
1s22s22p63s23p2
zeff = 14 - 10
=4
Decreases the
atomic size
Increases because
has more inner
shells than the
preceding group
M(g) - 1e
M 2+ (g)
Reason: atomic radii decrease, the outer electron are more tightly
held to the nucleus, more energy need to supply to remove first
electron.
Electron affinity
Ability to accept 1 or more electrons.
Definition : energy change that occurs when an
electron is accepted by an atom in its gaseous state.
More negative the electron affinity the greater the
tendency of the atom to accept an electron.
H = -142 kJ
H = +745 kJ
Electronegativity
Tendency of an atom to attract bonding electron
to itself when it is in a molecule.
related to electron affinity with different
concepts. Both refer to tendency to attract
electron.
Electron affinity refer to an isolated atoms
attraction for an additional electron.
Experimentally measured.
Electronegativity increase
Reason: Atomic radii decrease, the pulling effect
from nuclear charge (positive) on electron
(negative) is bigger
Electronegativity decrease
Reason : atomic number increase atomic radii increase
forces of nucleus decrease attractive