Particulate Control-2

Fabric Filters
Particulate Scrubbers

Lecture notes adapted from

Prof. Dr. Dentel Notes and Prof. Dr. Chang-Yu Wu

Fabric Filters
Well known and accepted method for separating
dry particles from a gas stream
Many different types of fabrics, different ways of
configuring bags in a baghouse and different
ways of flowing the air through the bags.
There are 3 common types of baghouse based
on cleaning method
Reverse-air
Shaker
Pulse-jet

Fabric Filters

Fabric Filters
A shaker baghouse
Filter
compartements

Fabric Filters

Fabric Filters

Filtration Theory

Filtration Theory

Filtration Theory

Figure 6.2 pp 186

Filtration Theory

Filtration Theory

Design Considerations

Cleaning Cycles

tf: time interval between two cleanings of the same

compartment
tr: time interval between cleanings of any two
compartment

Variation of pressure drop with time

DPm

DP

tr

tc
Time

Cleaning Cycles

Maximum Filtering Velocities in

Shaker or Reverse Air Baghouses
Dusts

Max. Filtering V
(ft/min)

Activated charcoal, carbon black, detergents, metal

fumes

1.5

Aluminum oxide, carbon, fertilizer, graphite, iron ore, lime, 2

paint pigments, fly ash, dyes

Aluminum, clay, coke, charcoal, cocoa, lead oide, mica

soap, sugar, talc

2.25

Bauxite,ceramics,chorme ore, feldsapr, blour, flint, glass,

gypsum, plastics, cement

2.5

Asbestos, limestone, quartz, silica

2.75

Cork, feeds and grain, marble, oyster shell, salt

3-3.25

Leather, paper, tobacco, wood

3.5

Table 6.1

Fabric Selection
Fabric

Max Temp, C

Acid resistance

Base resistance

Dynel

71

Good

Good

Cotton

82

Poor

Good

Wool

93

Good

Poor

Nylon

93

Poor

Good

Polypropylene

93

Excellent

Excellent

Orlon

127

Good

Fair

Dacron

135

Good

Fair

Teflon

204

Excellent

Excellent

Glass

288

Good

Good

Table 6.2

Pulse Jet Filters

Introduced 45 years ago captured one-half of the
industrial air filtration market
Air is filtered through the bags from outside to the
inside, a cage inside each bag prevents the bag
from collapsing
The bags are cleaned by short blast of high
pressure air (90-100 psi)
Each bag is pulsed every few minutes
On stream use

Pulse Jet Filters

There are no compartments and thus no extra
bags which reduces size and cost (for a large
coal-fired power plant, the baghouse is so large
that it is designed with separate compartments)
Since bags are placed from the top, no need to
provide walkways between rows of bags
(reducing the size)
Felted fabrics can be used at much higher air to
cloth ratio (higher filtering velocities)

Pulse Jet Filters

Table 6.5. Maximum Filtering Velocities for
Various Dust or Fumes
Dusts or Fumes

Maximum Filtering Velocity

(ft/min)

Carbon, Graphite, Metallurgical

Fumes, Soap, Detergents;Zinc
oxide

5-6

Cement (Raw), Clay (Green),

Plastics, paitn Pigments, Starch,
Sugar, Wood, Gypsum, Zinc

7-8

Aluminum oxide, cement (finished),

Clay (vitrifies), Lime, Limestone,
Mica,Quartz, soybean, Talc

9-11

Cocoa, Cholocate,Flour,Grains,
Leather Dust, Sawdust,tobacco

12-14

Advantages

Disadvantages

Example

Example

Example

Other Considerations
Temperature and Humidity : Fabrics have
different maximum allowable teperatures. Low T
can cause condensation of acid and/or blinding
of the fabric with wet dust
Chemical nature of gas: Different fabrics hav
different resistance to acisd or alkalies
Fire/explosion: Some fabric are flammable;
Some dust are explosive
Dust Handling: dust removal rate, conveyor
system, and hopper slope should all be
considered

Wet Scrubbers

Particulate Scrubbers
Reading: Chap. 7

Types of scrubbers: spray chamber and

venturi scrubber
Theory and design consideration
Pressure drop
Contacting power

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Collecting medium:
Liquid drops
Wetted surface

Recirculated water

Spray Chamber

Water to settling basin and recycle pump

Vertical spray chamber (countercurrent flow)

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Cyclone Spray
Chamber &
Impingement Scrubber

Flagan & Seinfeld, Fundamental of Air

Pollution Engineering, 1988
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Venturi Scrubber
High efficiency even for small particles
QL/QG: 0.001 - 0.003

VG: 60 - 120 m/s

Handbook of Air Pollution Control Engineering & Technology, Mycock, McKenna & Theodore, CRC Inc., 1995.
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Theory: Spray
Chamber

Volume of each droplet

d d3

Total number of droplets that pass the chamber per second

QL

QL

6QL
Nd

3
d d 3 d d
d
6

VG

QL: volumetric liquid flow rate

Droplet concentration in the chamber

Nd
6QL
nd
3
AcVd d d AcVd

Vd

Vtd

Vd Vtd VG

Vd: droplet falling velocity relative to a fixed coordinate

Vtd: droplet terminal settling velocity in still air (i.e. relative to the gas flow)
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At a given time dt, the distance a droplet falls is

dz Vd dt
Volume of air that flows through the cross-section area of a single
droplet during the time dt

Vair, single

2
2 Vtd
d d Vtd dt d d
dz
4
4 Vd

Total effective volume of gas swept clean per second by all

droplets in dz

d d2 Vtd
6QL

Vair,all d
dz 3
d d
4 Vd
Total number of particles swept clean per second by all droplets in dz

d d2 Vtd
6QL

dN p d
dz 3 n
d d
4 Vd
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p, z

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Total number of particles removed per second over dx

dN p VG Ac n p, z dz / 2 n p, z dz / 2

QL

Particle penetration in a countercurrent vertical

spray chamber

3QLVtd d z

Pd exp
2QG d d (Vtd VG )
AdVtd d

exp
QG

z dz / 2

N
N

z dz / 2

Cross-sectional area of all the droplets

6QL
Ad Ac z 3
d d AcVd
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d d2
3QL z


4 2d d Vtd VG

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QG
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 6.12 104 QLVtdd z

Pd exp
QG d d (Vtd VG )

If QL in gal/min and QG in cfm, z in ft and dd in mm

Particle penetration in a cross-flow spray chamber
3 QL d
AdVtd d

Pd exp
z exp

QG

2 QG d d
Q: How do we have higher collection efficiency?
Q: What are the collection mechanisms (we need it for d)?

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Deposition of Particles on a Spherical Collector

Re

mG
Sc
G D

d dVtd G

mG

Particle Reynolds #

dp
dd

St

Particle Schmidt #

mL

mG

Diameter ratio

Cc p d p2Vtd
18mG d d

Particle Stokes #
Viscosity ratio

Single droplet collection efficiency

d

(diffusion)
(interception)

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(impaction)

39

Impaction only

St
d I

St 0.35

(Impaction parameter Kp is
used in textbook; Kp = 2 St)

p = 2 g/cm3

Venturi Scrubber
Use intertial
impaction of
suspended
particles on water
droplet formed by
gas atomization

Venturi Scrubbers: Calvert Design

Particle penetration through a venturi scrubber

QLVG L d d
Pd exp

55QG m G

K po f 0.7
0.49

0.7 K po f 1.4 ln

0.7

0.7 K po f

K
po

Kpo=2St (aerodynamic diameter) using throat velocity

f = 0.5 for hydrophilic materials, 0.25 for hydrophobic materials
Atomization produces a wide distribution of droplet size. However using the
Sauter mean droplet diameter (dd) equation can be solved with satisfactory
results.
0.5

mL

597
0.5
L
k1 = 58600 if VG is in cm/s
= 1920 if VG is in ft/s
k1
dd
VG

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0.45

1.5

QL
1000

QG

in dyne/cm, L in g/cm3 and

m should be in poise
QL and QG should be of the
same unit

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Pressure Drop
Venturi Scrubber

QL
Dp k V
QG
2
L G

k 2(1 X 2 X 4 X 2 )
3lt CDd G
X
1
16d d L
lt: venturi throat length
X: dimensionless throat length

Ex: 10 water, 2 mm, = ?

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Contacting Power Approach

When compared at the same power consumption, all scrubbers give the
same degree of collection of a given dispersed dust, regardless of the
mechanisms involved and regardless of whether the pressure drop is
obtained by high gas flow rate or high water flow rate

1 exp( N t )
Nt: Number of transfer unit

(unitless)

N t PT

(PT :contacting power in hp / 1000 cfm)

and : coefficient and exponent of PT
PT should be determined from the friciton loss across the wetted
portion of the scrubber.
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Contacting Power Approach

Venturi scrubber collecting a metallurgical fume

Contacting power, hp/cfm

Example
Q: Tests of a venturi scrubber show the results listed on the right. Estimate
the contacting power required to attain 97% efficiency.

Friction loss (in H2O)

(%)

12.7

56

38.1

89

1 exp( N t )
Nt: Number of transfer unit
(unitless)

N t PT
(PT contacting power in hp / 1000 acfm)
(1 inch of water = 0.1575 hp/1000 cfm)

Example
Convert friction loss to contacting power (hp/1000 cfm): 1 in H20 =0.1575
hp/1000cfm
Friction loss (in
H2O)

PT hp/1000cfm

12.7

38.1

1 exp( N t )

N t PT

(%)

Nt

56

0.821

89

2.207

97

3.506

0.821 2 ln ln 2 ln( 0.821 )

2.207 6 ln ln 6 ln( 2.207 )

Example
Substractin Eq A from Eq B:

0.821 2 ln ln 2 ln( 0.821 )

2.207 6 ln ln 6 ln( 2.207 )

A
B

0.989 (ln 6 ln 2) ln( 6 / 2)

0.90
2.207
0.90 0.44
6

N t PT

3.506 0.44P

0.90
T

PT 10hp / 1000cfm

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Problem 7.1

Solution

St

St 0.35

St

d I

Cc p d p2Vtd
18mG d d

Impaction
parameter Kp is
used in textbook

d a2

K P 2St 2

Cc p d p2Vtd
18mG d d

Cc p d p2Vtd
9 mG d d

d p2 p
pw

wd a2Vtd

9 mG d d

Determine the density of water and the viscosity of the air at 80 F from Appendix B

3QLVtd d z

Pd exp
2QG d d (Vtd VG )

Solution

3QLVtd d z

Pd exp
2QG d d (Vtd VG )

Solution

St
d I

St 0.35