14th, December, 2009

METALLIC STRUCTURE

Group 2 :
NGO GIANG NAM
TRINH HOANG MINH
NGUYEN PHU HUY

Hanoi university of Technology

 Main parts

1.Crystal and Metal

2.Structure of Metal
3.Properties of Metal
4.Conclusion and Recommendation
 1.Crystal and metal
1.1.What is “crystal”?
1.2.what is “metal”?
1.3.Applications of metal?
1.Crystal and Metal

What is the crystal?

Definition of Metal
Application of metal
• High structural strength per unit mass
• Carrying large loads or resisting impact
damage
• Good conductors
• Carrying an electric current over a
distance with little energy lost
2.Structure of metal (Crystal Packing)

2.1.Definition
2.2.Simple Cubic
2.3. Body Centered Cubic
2.4.Faced -Centered Cubic
2.5.Hexagonal Close Packing
 1.Definitions

• What is crystal packing?

– A model of particles organization
– Describe how the particles are arranged
– Based on unit cell

the simplest structure that is repeated

in the crystal
 1.1.Definitions
– Why do we need it?
• Helps explains many properties of metal
– Hardness
– Density
– Melting point
– ….
• Describes arrangement of metallic atoms .

Source: www.jcrystals.com
 2.1.Definitions
• Key words:
– Coordination number : the number of nearest
neighbours of each atom .

– Close Packed Crystal Structure: The most efficient

space saving way to arrange particles.
 2.2. Simple Cubic
• Particles are arranged in
straight, neat layers
• Each layer oriented
directly above lower
layers.
• The atoms are in contact
along the cell edge.
• Unit cell : Cubic

Source: www.jcrystals.com
 2.2. Simple Cubic
• atoms/unit cell = 1
• Coordination number = 6
• least efficient method of
packing (52%)

Ex: Polonium (Po)

Sources: www.jcrystals.com
 2.3.Body-centered Cubic
• Atoms at corners and
body centre of cube
• The atoms are only in
contact along the body
diagonal.

Source: www.jcrystals.com
2.3.Body-centered Cubic (BCC)
• Atoms/unit cell : 2.
• Coordination number : 8
• Packing efficiency: 68%
• Examples : include one
form of Fe, V, Cr, Mo, W

Source: www.jcrystals.com
 2.4.Face-Centered Cubic Packing
• Unit cell: face centered
cubic.
• Layers are altered to
bring particles closer
• Layers are stacked so
particles fit in gaps
 2.4.Face-Centered Cubic Packing
• Atoms /unit cell = 4
• Coordination number= 12
• Efficiency (74%)
• Examples : Al, Ni, Cu, Ag,
Pt.

Source: www.jcrystals.com
 2.5.Hexagonal Close Packing
• Primitive Hexagonal
unit cell
• Layers are stacked so
particles fit in gaps
=>Close Packing

Source: www.jcrystals.com
 2.5.Hexagonal Close Packing
• Coordination number = 12.
• Packing efficiency : 74%
• Examples: Be, Mg, Ti, Zr

Source: www.jcrystals.com
3. Properties of metal

3.1. Density
3.2. Melting points and boiling points
3.3. Electrical and thermal conductivity
3.4. Malleability and ductility
3.5. The hardness of metals
 3.1. Density
•  
• Measure of compactness,
• Generally, higher than non-metal
tightly packed crystal
strength of metallic bonds
large amounts of delocalized electrons in a
metallic bond
• Vary widely
 3.1. Density
 Heavy metal (d>5):copper, iron, gold,...
• Heaviest: osmium (22.61 g/cm3 )
• Light metal (d<5)
Metals of groups I A and II A
less closed crystal structure
Cubic body centered(68%)
 Lighest metal: lithium (0.53)
 3.2.Melting points and boiling points

• High melting and boiling points

 strength of the metallic bond
 number of free electrons
 Crystal packing
• Vary from metal to metal
 Highest melting point: tungsten(3,422 °C,)
• Lowest point: Mercury(-38.83 °C)
• Group 1 metals (sodium, potassium) :low point
 inefficiently packed
 Less bonds
 relatively large atoms
 3.3. Electrical conductivity

• Metals conduct electricity well

• Best : gold, silver, copper...
• Application: electric wire,...
• Two new terms:
 Crystal grains
 Grain boundary
 Crystal grains: arranged in a regular way
delocalised
Grain electrons:free
boundary to move
: interface throughout
between two the
structure
grains
grain boundary
Crystal grains

Source:http://www.chemguide.co.uk
 3.3. Thermal conductivity

• Good conductors of heat

• Best :gold, silver,...
• additional kinetic energy
• transferred throughout the rest
• moving electrons
 3.4. Malleability and ductility

• malleable (can be beaten into sheets)

• ductile (can be pulled out into wires)
• roll over each other, new positions
• metal is permanently changed(stress force).
• a smaller stress is put onto
• back to their original positions
• elastic
 3.5. The hardness of metals

• atoms don't line up properly

• grain boundaries
• Hinder rolling of layers of atoms over each
other
• Chromium is the hardest, followed by tungsten