Giovanni Brauzzi

Italian Foreign Policy

London 27 October 2006

London, 27 October 2006
• “... to clarify what had been the bases,
both material and moral, on which the
foreign policy rested, such as the forces
and sentiments which surrounded the
policy itself and also, in that historical
period, the diplomatic initiative.
• In other words, passions and affections,
ideas and ideologies, the situation of the
country and of its people, all that makes
the foreign policy a moment or an aspect
of the wider and more complex historical
process, which encompasses the whole
life of a nation and does not allow for
watertight compartments; a moment for
foreign relations which is intertwined
with the moral, economic, social and
religious life in the interior.”
Federico Chabod,
History of Italian Foreign Policy from
1870 to 1896
London 27 October 2006
 Material bases

• Geography
• Energy
• Population
London 27 October 2006
 Facts and Figures
• Area: 301,336 sq km
• Land boundaries: 1,932 km
• Coastline: 7,600 km
• Population (2005): 58.462.375
• Population Growth Rate : 1,1%
– birth rate: -18,396
– immigration rate: +181,080
• Life Expectancy at Birth: 79,25 years
• GDP – Composition by Sector:
– agriculture 2%
– industry 30%
– services 68%London 27 October 2006
Italian Crude Oil Imports (2005)
ALGERI A I RAQ NORWAY
5% 5% 3%
LYBI A OTHERS
23% 15%

SAUDI
ARABI A
RUSSI A 14%
18% I RAN
SYRI A
4% 13%

London 27 October 2006

Italian Natural Gas Imports (2005)

LYBIA
2% THE NETHERLANDS
17%

RUSSIA NORWAY
36% 7%

NIGERIA
4%

ALGERIA
34%

London 27 October 2006

Italian Population in the XX
Century
(ISTAT 2005)
56,557 56,778
54,137
50,624
47,516

42,994
41,652
39,944
35,845
32,966

1901 1911 1921 1931 1936 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991

London 27 October 2006

Italian Population Projections
2010 - 2050
(ISTAT 2005)
60

58

56

54

52

50

48
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050

London 27 October 2006

 THE CONSTITUTIONAL
FRAMEWORK

• Art. 11 of Italian Constitution: Italy rejects war

as an instrument of aggression against the
liberties of other people and as a means for
settling international controversies; it agrees,
on conditions of equality with other States, to
such limitations of sovereignty as may be
necessary for an international order aimed at
ensuring peace and justice among Nations; it
promotes and encourages international
organizations having such ends in view.
London 27 October 2006
The Multilateral Approach
London 27 October 2006
We the peoples of the United Nations,
determined to save succeeding
generations from the scourge of war….
….determined to safeguard the
freedom, common heritage and
civilisations of their peoples, founded
on the principles of democracy,
individual freedom and the rule of
law….
…an ever closer union among
the peoples of Europe……
London 27 October 2006
NATIONAL INTEREST

Few commodities and energy sources

Aging and shrinking population
We cannot keep our gates closed
Cultural and institutional pluralism
Universal vision
Lessons learnt from the past

thus
PURSUING NATIONAL INTEREST
THROUGH MULTILATERAL FORA
London 27 October 2006
The limitation of sovereignty
which is, for every country, the
price of the participation in an
integrated international system,
becomes less onerous
the more a country is able to
contribute genuinely to the
definition of the policy of
international fora

London 27 October 2006

 National Interest in
International Fora

Italian priorities
• Being part of the leading group in the
European integration process

• Strengthening transatlantic relations

• Avoiding marginalisation at the UN

London 27 October 2006
 The compass of
Italian foreign policy
• North, towards Europe;
• South, towards the
Mediterranean, the
Middle East and Africa;
• East, towards the
Balkans and Russia;
• West, towards America
and globalisation.

London 27 October 2006

 Being part of the leading group
in the European integration process

• 25 March 1957-29 October 2004:

from Rome to Rome;
• Simultaneous widening and deepening;
• Union of people and states;
• Close the democratic gap;
• Principle of subsidiarity;
• European pillar of transatlantic relations;
• From the EDC to the ESDP;
• Being always part of the leading group, as
a vocation and aLondon
necessity.
27 October 2006
The Way Ahead in the European Constitutional Process

•Still committed to the ratification and entry into force of

the European Constitutional Treaty;
•En attendant 2007 (elections in France and NL);
•50th anniversary of the Rome Treaty ;
•Premature to reopen the text before;
•Working on policies is not an alternative to institutional
developments;
•Ready to improvements made without changing the
Treaties;
•Defining Europe’s borders would be helped by a
constitutional dimension of the integration process.
London 27 October 2006
 To conclude…

"IS THERE A FUTURE

FOR EUROPEAN INTEGRATION?"
London, LSE, 12 October 2006

•The question now is whether the political will is there in our countries to continue that
process of integration…
•Modern politics and economics have not just a national or global dimension. There exists
also a European dimension as shaped and brought into operation by the integration of our
countries in the Community of Six and now in the Union…
•Demand for Europe has been growing and is now heard throughout the world. We have a
duty to respond to this call…
•Your country, with its own sensibility deriving from its own history - but then the history
of every European nation is different from all others' - contributed decisively to the birth of
the European ideal. First by standing up heroically against Nazi fascism during the Second
World War. Then by pointing - as Winston Churchill did in a prophetic speech - to the
prospect of a "regional organisation of Europe" to be undertaken without delay : "If we are
to form a United States of Europe, or whatever name it may take, we must begin now“…
•The endeavour goes on. It is not over and Europe still needs the United Kingdom as a
source of equilibrium on the continent and as an inspiration for its civil and democratic
future. We are about to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the Treaty of Rome. But, in the
words of that speech in Zurich long ago, we still need "an act of faith in the European
family". London 27 October 2006
 Strengthening New members,
the transatlantic link New partners,
New capabilities,
Enduring commitment
From Cold War
to new threats Coalitions
of the willing
are not enough

From the Balkans

Relaunch
to Afghanistan:
NATO’s
the arc of crisis
Political Dimension
London 27 October 2006
 Complex challenges of international
security
Illegal immigration Nuclear
Proliferation

Terrorism
Failed, rogue states

London 27 October 2006

 OVERSEAS MISSIONS BY ITALIAN ARMED FORCES (updated October 2006)

10194 troops in 27 missions

KOSOVO
BOSNIA ALBANIA KFOR (Kosovo Force) 2.305
NATO HQ SARAJEVO 25 NATO HQ TIRANA 6 Operazione "Joint Enterprise"
EUFOR ALTHEA 858 ALBANIA 2 (28° Naval Group) 62 UNMIK 2
EUPM (European Union Police DIE (Delegaz. Italiana Esperti) 32 (UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo)
Mission) 15 EUPT Kosovo 1
TOTAL
TOTAL 898 (European Union Planning Team)
100
TOTAL 2.308

MAROCCO
MINURSO
(UN Mission for the Refendum in Western Sahara) FYROM
5 NATO HQ SKOPJE
3
CIPRO
UNFICYP
(UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus)
4 AFGHANISTAN
ISAF (International Security Assistance Force) 1.938
Rep. Dem. del CONGO ENDURING FREEDOM (Mare Arabico)
EUPOL KINSHASA 4 380
EUFOR RD CONGO 65 ACTIVE ENDEAVOUR (Mare Mediterraneo)
TOTAL 69 70
TOTAL 2.388

IRAQ
INDIA - PAKISTAN ANTICA BABILONIA 1.677
UNMOGIP Esperti militari 8
(UN Military Observer Group TOTAL 1.685
in India and Pakistan)
6
LIBANO
SUDAN MALTA UNIFIL EGITTO HEBRON
MIATM (UN Interim Force MFO ISRAELE TIPH2 (Temporary GAZA
SUPPORTO UE AD AMIS (●)
(Missione Italiana di Assistenza in Lebanon) (Multinational Force UNTSO International Presence in EU BAM RAFAH
4
Tecnico-Militare) 60 and Observers) (UN Truce Supervision Hebron) 17
44 2.496 82 Organization) 18
7

London 27 October 2006

London 27 October 2006
 Avoiding marginalisation and
oligarchic backsliding at the UN

World Government vs. Global Governance;

Effective Multilateralism;
Criteria for the use of force;
National sovereignty, democracy and human rights;
Agenda for peace and agenda for development;
A role for the European Union;
UNSC Reform.

London 27 October 2006

 New Impetus to UNSC Reform:
the Prodi-Musharraf Initiative
(New York, 20 September 2006)

• We will have to accommodate, as far as possible, the interests of all.

• Regional representation, combined with rotation, could offer the answer.

• Committed to explore, with political flexibility and diplomatic creativity,

and through a negotiating process, possible options for a solution to
Security Council reform that can command the widest political agreement.

Comment by UNSG Kofi Annan:

Countries on both sides of the divide stand to benefit if a compromise can be
found. All will suffer if the stalemate is allowed to continue.

London 27 October 2006

 Farnesina

Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Facts and Figures

London 27 October 2006

REPRESENTATIONS ABROAD (2005)

London 27 October 2006

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF THE EMBASSIES
(2005)

London 27 October 2006

 DIPLOMATIC-CONSULAR NETWORK, STAFF AND
BUDGET OF THE MINISTRIES OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS
A COMPARISON IN EUROPE (year 2004)
Diplomatic/consular Staff Budget
network
ITALY 338 8.245 1.561

FRANCE 430 17.231 2.175

GERMANY 347 13.210 2.215

UNITED 453 16.000 2.520

KINGDOM
London 27 October 2006
Thank you for your attention.
London 27 October 2006