What is software?

Software is a set of instruction that

describes the computer to process
information .
These instructions are are called as
programs.
The system software program coordinates the operations of various
hardware components of the computer
.

System software

The system software program coordinates the operation of the various

hardware components of the
computer.
The system software or operating
system program helps the user to
actually operate the computer system.
This an interface between the
computer and the user.

System software

Operating system oversees the processing

of the application software and all inputs
to and outputs from the system.
Without operating system we cannot use
the application software programs to
operate.
The operating system controls computers
system resources and co-ordinates the
flow of data to and from the
microprocessor and to and from input
devices and output devices such as the
keyboard and the monitor.

System software

The computer manufacturer usually

provides system software.
The various types of computer
requires different types of system
software program in order to operate.
Some of the most popular are
Dos,Macintosh Operating
system,OS/2,windows 98and unix.

System Software contains:

The system software contains those

programs that control and supports
the computer system and its data
processing application. It includes:The Operating System.
The Language Translator.

Features of system software

These are the programs that manages the

hardware, software and data resources of the
computer system.
The major system software are:Operating system.
Database management system.
Loader.
Linker
Assembler.
Compiler.
Interpreter
BIOS(Basic Input Output System)

OPERATING SYSTEM

Operating system is organized collections

of integrated set of specialized programs
that controls the overall operations of
computers.
It helps the computer to supervise and
manage its resources.
Operating system calls the application
program whenever needed, translates the
Special service program and manages the
data needed to produce the output as
desired by the user.

OPERATING SYSTEM

Operating system is the nucleus of all

software activity.
It controls the overall operations of a
computer.
It is the first computer to be loaded to RAM
on any general purpose computer system.
It translates the language in which operating
system are written in to the language the
cpu can understand.

Operating System

Operating system retrieve data from

storage, schedule the jobs in the
computer and to perform and maintain
logs.
The use of operating system spares the
program from having to acquires detailed
knowledge of internal operations of the
computer operations.
Objective of operating system is to
maximize the efficiency of operations to
minimize human intervention and to
facilitate the work of programmer in
accessing data and peripherals
equipments.

Operating system

Like wise several programs it will be

required to maintain all the programs in
the computer back up storage.
Maintaining all the programs in utility
storage.
The required program can be recalled into
CPU far more quickly than in ordinary
system where computer is especially set
up for each application run or assembly
compilation run thus saving considerable
time of setup.

Language Translator (Assembler)

An assembler is used to convert the

program written in assembly level
language in to machine level language.
A program of instruction written by a
programmer in an assembly language is
called as source programs.
After this source code has been converted
into machine code by the assembler it is
called as an object code

COMPILER

Compiler translates a source program that is

usually written in a high level language by a
programmer in to machine level language .
The compiler is capable of replacing single
source program statement with a series of
machine level language instruction or with a
subroutine.
For each high level language the machine
requires a separate compiler.
A Compiler creates an unique object program if
the source program is compiled there is no need
of that source program because output can be
obtained by executing that object program.

INTERPRETER

Interpreter translates each source program

statements in to sequence of machine
instructions and then executes these
machine instruction before translating the
next source language statements.
Interpreter are also unique for each high
level language.
The function of compiler and interpreter is
same the only difference is the compiler
provides the separate object program but
the interpreter does not.

Compiler & Interpreter

Compiler scans the

entire program first and
then translate into
machine code.
Converts the entire
program to machine
code.when all syntax
error are removed
execution takes place.
Slow for debugging.
Execution time is less.

Translates the program

line by line.
Each time the program is
executed every line is
checked for syntax error
and then converted to
equivalent machine
code.
Good for fast debugging.
Execution time is more.

UTILITY SOFTWARE

Computer have support software called as

an utility software, which performs the
routine task.
These program sorts data, copy data from
one storage medium to another, output
data from a storage medium to the printer
snd perform other task .
Utility software usually supplied by the
computer manufacturer as part of
operating system.

NUMBER SYSTEM
Every

computer stores number letters and

other alpha-numeric characters in coded
forms.
In a digital system all information is
stored in binary format in the form of
binary ones and zero s.
Physical devices used for operating on
data in digital system perform most
reliably when operated in one out of two
distinct states.

DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM

In Decimal Number system there are ten digits
starting from 0 to 9.
The base of this number system is 10.
Any decimal number is a string of these digits. Any
decimal fraction is also a string of these numbers but
with an embedded decimal points.
For example sequence of decimal digits 2345 each
digits is attached with a multiplying factor
or weight that is some power of 10 that depends upon
the position of the digit in the number.

Example of decimal number system

2345= 2x103 + 3x102 + 4x101 + 5x100

1000th

position

100th

Tenth

Unit

position position position

BINARY NUMBER
SYSTEM

The Binary Number system has two digits

one and zeros.
Computers use binary number system
because the electrical devices can
understand only one and zero.
The base in binary number system is always
two.
Each coefficients of binary number system is
multiplied by 2 i.

Steps for converting a number from

binary number system

Multiply the rightmost bit by 1.

Going right to left, multiply each
succeeding bit by twice the factor
used in the previous bit.
Add the products according to the
usual rules of decimal addition.
The resultant number is the decimal
number.

Example of conversion is:Consider the binary number 10101

having a base of two 2.
(10101)2=1x24+0*23+1x22+0x21+1x20
=

16+0+4+1=( 21)

10

position3 position2 position1position0

Octal number system

The octal number system the base of
the number is eight.
The number of digits in octal number
system and their combination is from
0 to 7.
The base of octal number system is
8.
An octal number of n integer and m
fractional have values.

Octal Number system

A numerical values in the octal number

system can be represented as.
N8=An-1 (8)n-1+An-2 (8)n-2+An-3(8)n-3+------------------------+An-n(8)n-n+A-1(8)-1 +A-2(8)2+--------------+A (8)-m
-m

Octal Number system

Example of octal number system is.

For example consider the number as:-

(2546) 8=2x (8)3+5x(8)2+4x(8)1+6x(8)0

=2x512 +5x64+5x8+6x1
=1024+320+40+6

=(1390)

10

Hexadecimal Number system

The hexadecimal number system has a

base system and digits 0 to 9 along
with the letters. A,B,C,D,E,F.
A for 10 , B for 11,C for 12, D for 13,E for
14 , F for 15.
A hexadecimal number N 16 , of n
integers and m fractional digits, has the
numerical value as:N 8=An-1 (16) n-1+An-2 (16) n-2+ An-n (16) nn+A (16) -1 +A
-2+ --+A (16)-m
(16)
-1
-2
m

Example of Hexadecimal
(

abc)16= a x (16) 2+b x (16) 1+c

x (16) 0

=10X256+11X16+13X1

=2560+176+13=(2749)10.

NUMBER BASE CONVERSION

a)
b)
c)

d)

The the technique for the conversion

of a given number in one base (radix) to a
equivalent number in any other desired base. For
converting any decimal number to its corresponding
number system, a division procedure is used which
has the following rules:Divide the number by base and save a remainder.
If the quotient is 0, proceed to next step.
If the quotient is not 0, replace the number with the
quotient and repeat step (A).
The conversion representation of the number
comprises the remainder, starting with the first
remainder at the right.

Decimal to Binary Conversion

One method for decimal-to binary

conversion of a small number is based on
recognition of the sum of powers of 2
contained in an integer decimal number.
The largest power of 2 is recognized first
and is subtracted from the decimal number.
The same method is repeated on the
difference obtained until the least
significant bit has been been processed.

Convert the decimal number (81)10 to

binary

2
2
2
2
2
2
THE BINARY
(1000101)

81
40
20
10
5
2
1

1 L.S.B
0
0
0
1
0
1 M.S.B

BINARY TO DECIMAL CONVERSION

In order to change the binary number

to decimal number we have to multiply
the corresponding number by 2
(Having the power of 0 for the unitary
position , having the power of 1 for
the tenths and so on. We have to
increase the power one by keeping
base 2 as fixed.

Convert (110010)2 to its decimal number

(110010)2= 2 5x1+2 4x1+2 3x0+2 2x0
+2 1x1 +2 0x0
=32+16+0+0+2+0=(50) 10

CONVERT 1101.11011 TO
DECIMAL
1101.11011=23 X1+2 2X1+21 X0+
2 0X1+2-1 X1 +2-2 X1+2-3 X0+2-4 X1
+2-5 X1
=8+4+0+1+0.5X1+0.25X1+
+0.125X0 + 0.0625X1+0.03125X1
=13+0.75+0+0.09375=13+0.84375
=13.84375

CONVERT 0.6875 TO BINARY

0.6875X2=1+0.3750
0.3750X2=0+0.7500
0.7500X2=1+0.5000
0.5000X2=1 +0.0000
(0.6875)10=(0.1011)2

1
0
1
1

CONVERT (0.513)10 TO OCTAL

0.153X8=4.104
0.104X8=0.832
0.832X8=6.656
0.656X8=5.248
0.248X8=1.984
O.984X8=7.872
(0.513)10=(0.406517) 8

Rs complement of number
Given a positive number N in base r
with an integer part of n digits the rs
complement of N is defined as :r n N for N not equal to zero.
10 S Complement of (52520) 10 is
10 5-52520=47480 n=5 no of digits.
10s complement of 0.3267 is
1-0.3267=0.6733
no integer part n=0 100=1

R-1 s complement
Given a positive number N in base r
with an integer part of n digits and a
fraction part of m digits r-1 s
complement of N defined as Rn Rm-N
9s complement of (25.639) 10 is
10 2-10-3-25.639 =
= 99.999-25.639
=74.360
9 s complement of (52520) is
=105-10 0-52520=99999-53520=47479

2S COMPLEMENT OF
101100
(101100)=(26)10-(101100)2
=(1000000-101100)= 010100
1000000
101100
-------------------0 1 0 1 0 0 BECAUSE Binary subtraction
x
y
difference borrow
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0

R-1 s complement
1S Complement of 101100 is
(26-1)-(101100)=111111-101100
=010011
1 11111
1 0 1100
-----------------01 0 0 1 1

BINARY ADDITION

Binary addition is very much similar

and at the same time ,simpler than
decimal addition.
When we add , we start with least
significant bit.Depending upon the
values of x and y of bits to be added,
we would have a sum and a carry for
next state.

BINARY HALF ADDER

X
0
0
0
1

Y
0
1
1
1

SUM
0
1
0
0

CARRY
0
0
0
1

BINARY ADDITION
To add binary number (111001)2
and the binary number (110010)2
______________________________
1 1 1 0 0 1
(57)10
+ 1 1 0 0 1 0 + (50)10
1 0 0 1 0 1 1
107

BINARY SUBTRACTION

A Binary subtraction can produce the

negative result a method has been
evolved to represent negative
number.
The most significant bit is used for
sign , the bit is zero if the number is
positive and the bit is 1 if the number
is negative.

Sign magnititude
Representation

The sign magnititude representation of

a number comprises of positive and
negative number both such as.
(+34)10= (00100010)2
(-34)10 = (10100010)2
In this representation 5 bit no
represented in 8 bit notations.
3 bit no in 4 bit notation and so on.

Binary subtraction

Just as we subtract a decimal digits from

a smaller decimal digits by borrowing
from the next significant column , we
can borrow a 1 from the next column in
the binary system.
This done whenever a 1 has to be
subtracted from 0. After borrowing 1
from the next column, however the zero
becomes a 2 in binary or 10 in decimal.

HALF SUBTRACTER TABLE

X

0
1
1

Difference

1
0
1

Borrow

1
0

0
0

subtraction

Ex subtract (1101)2 (10101111)2

1 1 1 0 0 1
1 1 0 1
1 0 1 1 0 0

Complement method of
subtraction
Ordinary subtraction As
6 4 0
9 s complement of 557
+ 5 5
7 = 10 3-10 0-557=1000-1-557
8 3
= 999-557= 442
Ten s complement of number 557
Is 103-557=1000-557= 443.

Complements subtraction
6 4 0
+
4 4 3 10 s complement of 557
10 8 3 = discard the end carry
We get = 83
6 4 0
+ 4 4 2 9 s complement of 557
8 2
+ 1 (add end carry )
8 3

Binary subtraction

Following methods are followed:Find the nine complement s of

number to be subtracted.
Add this to the number from which the
subtraction has to be done.
If there is a carry of 1, add it to
obtain the result.if there is no carry ,
add 0 recomplement and attach a
negative sign to obtain the result.

Steps for binary subtraction

1 0 1 0 1
1
0 1 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 0 0
Binary subtraction
1
+
1
1 0

0
0
1

1
1
0

0
0
1

1
0
0

1
1 2s complement
0=1 0 1 0 0