Introduction to BJT

Small Signal Analysis

CHAPTER 5

Sem I 0809/rosdiyana

Introduction
To begin analyze of small-signal AC response of BJT
amplifier the knowledge of modeling the transistor is
important.
The input signal will determine whether its a small signal
(AC) or large signal (DC) analysis.
The goal when modeling small-signal behavior is to make of
a transistor that work for small-signal enough to keep
things linear (i.e.: not distort too much) [3]
There are two models commonly used in the small signal
analysis:
a) re model
b) hybrid equivalent model
2

Introduction
Disadvantage
Re model
Fails to account the output impedance
level of device and feedback effect from
output to input

Hybrid equivalent model

Limited to specified operating condition
in order to obtain accurate result
3

Amplification in the AC domain

The transistor can be employed as

an amplifying device. That is, the
output sinusoidal signal is greater
than the input signal or the ac input
power is greater than ac input
power.
How the ac power output can be
greater than the input ac power?
4

Amplification in the AC domain

Conservation; output
power of a system
cannot be large than its
input and the efficiency
cannot be greater than 1
The input dc plays the
important role for the
amplification to
contribute its level to the
ac domain where the
conversion will become
as =Po(ac)/Pi(dc)

Amplification in the AC domain

The superposition theorem is applicable for the

analysis and design of the dc & ac components of
a BJT network, permitting the separation of the
analysis of the dc & ac responses of the system.
In other words, one can make a complete dc
analysis of a system before considering the ac
response.
Once the dc analysis is complete, the ac response
can be determined using a completely ac
analysis.

BJT Transistor Model

Use equivalent circuit

Schematic symbol for the device can be replaced
by this equivalent circuits.
Basic methods of circuit analysis is applied.
DC levels were important to determine the Qpoint
Once determined, the DC level can be ignored in
the AC analysis of the network.
Coupling capacitors & bypass capacitor were
chosen to have a very small reactance at the
frequency of applications.
7

BJT Transistor Model

The AC equivalent of a network is
obtained by:
1.
Setting all DC sources to zero & replacing them
by a short-circuit equivalent.
2.
Replacing all capacitors by a short-circuit
equivalent.
3.
Removing all elements bypassed by shortcircuit equivalent.
4.
Redrawing the network.

10

Example

11

Example

12

Example

13

The re transistor model

Common Base PNP Configuration

14

Common Base PNP Configuration

Transistor is replaced by
a single diode between E
& B, and control current
source between B & C
Collector current Ic is
controlled by the level of
emitter current Ie.
For the ac response the
diode can be replaced by
its equivalent ac
resistance.

15

Common Base PNP Configuration

The ac resistance
of a diode can be
determined by the
equation;
26 mV
re
IE

Where ID is the dc
current through
the diode at the
Q-point.
16

Common Base PNP Configuration

Input impedance is
relatively small and
output impedance
quite high.

Z i reCB

range from a few

to max 50

Zo CB

Typical values are in

the M
17

The common-base
characteristics

18

Voltage Gain
output voltage : Vo I o RL
( I C ) RL
I e RL
input voltage :

Vi I i Z i
Ie Zi
I e re

voltage gain :

VO I e RL
AV

Vi
I e re

RL

re
RL
AV
re

19

Current Gain
I o I C I e
Ai

Ii
Ie
Ie
Ai 1

The fact that the polarity of the Vo as determined

by the current IC is the same as defined by figure
below.
It reveals that Vo and Vi are in phase for the
common-base configuration.

20

Common Base PNP Configuration

Approximate model for a common-base npn transistor configuration

21

Example 1: For a common-base configuration in figure

below with IE=4mA, =0.98 and AC signal of 2mV is
applied between the base and emitter terminal:
a) Determine the Zi b) Calculate Av if RL=0.56k
c) Find Zo and Ai

Ie

re

Ic
c
Ic Ie

b
common-base re equivalent cct

22

Solution:
26m 26m
a) Zi re

6.5
IE
4m

RL 0.98(0.56k)
b) Av

84.43
re
6.5
c) Zo
Io
Ai 0.98
Ii

23

Example 2: For a common-base configuration in previous

example with Ie=0.5mA, =0.98 and AC signal of 10mV is
applied, determine:
a) Zi b) Vo if RL=1.2k c) Av d)Ai e) Ib
Solution:
Vi 10m
a) Zi

20
Ie
0.5m
b) Vo IcRL IeRL
0.98(0.5m) (1.2k)
588mV

c) Av

d) Ai 0.98

e) Ib Ie - Ic
Ie - Ie
0.5m(1 )
0.5m(1 0.98)
10A

Vo 588m

58.8
Vi
10m

24

Common Emitter NPN Configuration

Base and emitter

are input
terminal
Collector and
emitter are
output terminals

25

Common Emitter NPN Configuration

Substitute re
equivalent circuit

I c I b

Current through
diode
I e I c I b I b I b
I e ( 1) I b I b
26

Input impedance

Vi Vbe
input impedance: Z i
Ii
Ib
input voltage :

Vi I e re
( 1) I b re

so that

( 1) I b re
Zi
Ib
Z i ( 1)re

usually greater than 1 ;

Z i re
27

The output graph

28

Output impedance Zo
b

Ii=Ib
c
Ib

re

Zo

ro

re model for the C-E transistor configuration

Vs=0V

Ii=Ib = 0A
c

re

Ib 0A

ro
e

Zo ro
if ro is ignored thus the
Zo (open cct, high impedance)

29

Voltage Gain
output voltage : Vo I o RL
Vo I c RL
I b RL
input voltage : Vi I i Z i

Current Gain
I o I C I b
Ai

Ii Ib
Ib
Ai

I b re
so that

Vo I b RL
AV

Vi
I b re
RL
AV
re

30

re model for common-emitter

31

Example 3: Given =120 and IE(dc)=3.2mA for a commonemitter configuration with ro= , determine:
a) Zi b)Av if a load of 2 k is applied c) Ai with the 2 k load
Solution :
26m 26m
a) re

8.125
IE
3.2m
Zi re 120(8.125) 975

RL
2k
b)Av

246.15
re
8.125
c) Ai

Io
120
Ii
32

Example 4: Using the npn common-emitter configuration,

determine the following if =80, IE(dc)=2 mA and ro=40 k
b) Ai if RL =1.2k

a) Zi
b

Ii=Ib

c) Av if RL=1.2k

c
Io
re

Ib

ro

RL

Solution :
26m 26m

13
IE
2m
Zi re 80(13) 1.04k

a) re

re model for the C-E transistor configuration

33

Solution (cont)
Io IL

Ii Ib
ro( Ib)
IL
ro RL
ro( Ib)
ro
40k
r
o RL
Ai

(80)
Ib
ro RL
40k 1.2k
77.67
b) Ai

c)Av

RL ro
re

1.2k 40k
13

89.6

34

Common Collector Configuration

For the CC configuration, the model

defined for the common-emitter
configuration is normally applied
rather than defining a model for the
common-collector configuration.

35