Ozone Depletion

Atas, Bryan B.
Bondoc, Christian Earvin D.
Hubag, Patrick Paulo Amor C.
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION

Ozone
• The main point, ladies
and gentlemen, is that Ozone layer
OZONE DEPLETION
Ozone depletion
exists!!!
Ultraviolet rays

• This serves as an
introduction to the terms
needed in the following
chapters
 Ozone INTRODUCTION

Ozone
• A form of oxygen gas
Ozone (O
layer)
• Composed of three atoms of oxygen 3

Ozone depletion

• Colorless Ultraviolet rays

• Has a harsh odor

• It has the ability to absorb most UV

radiation
Ozone’s ability to absorb Ozone
 Ozone Layer INTRODUCTION

Ozone
• greatest concentration of ozone occurs at
altitudes 19 - 30km above the Earth's
Ozone layer
surface
Ozone depletion

Ultraviolet rays
• Ozone layer is IN the stratosphere

• Concentration of O3 in ozone layer is

roughly 10 parts per million
The stratosphere
and the
ozone layer
 Ozone Depletion INTRODUCTION

Ozone
• The thinning of the ozone layer
Ozone layer

• It can happen naturally but humanOzone depletion

intervention is the main reason for ozone
Ultraviolet rays
depletion

• Is brought about by ODC’s or Ozone

Depleting Chemicals
 M
Monitoring Ozone
O
• Dobson
Ozone depletion is scientific
Unit measures the and
totalnot
amount of N
just anin
ozone environmentalists’
an overhead column hoax of the I
atmosphere T
It is monitored by satellites O
• … measured by how thick the layer of ozone R
would be if it were compressed into one layer I
at 0 oC and with a pressure of 1 atm above it N
G
• 0.01 mm = 1 D.U.
 Ozone Hole

• Technically….
• regions where stratospheric ozone depletion
is so severe that levels fall below
200 Dobson Units (D.U.)
 Antarctic ozone hole

2006 record breaker hole

….. 11.4 M sq. miles

2007 average
 Ultra violet rays INTRODUCTION

Ozone
• A form of electromagnetic energy
Ozone layer

• Three categories of UV radiation:

Ozone depletion
– UV-A, between 320 and 400 nm
Ultraviolet rays
– UV-B, between 280 and 320 nm
– UV-C, between 200 and 280 nm
Ultra violet rays
INTRODUCTION
• UV-A has the least energy
Ozone
– 98.7% of the ultraviolet radiation that reaches
the Earth's surface is UVA Ozone layer

Ozone depletion
• UVB – higher energy, breaks down O3
– Has the ability to destroy DNA linkages
Ultraviolet rays

• UVC – very easily absorbed by oxygen and

ozone
– Highest energy
 CAUSES CAUSES

ODC
• Mechanism of Ozone layer
destruction Mechanism

CFC’s
• Chemicals that deplete the
ozone layer Sources
 ODC CAUSES
• ODC – Ozone Depleting
Chemicals ODC’s

CFC’s
• ODS – Ozone Depleting
Mechanism
Substances
Sources
 ODC
CFC
CFC others

• A group of compounds known as

Chlorofluorocarbons

•
It is The main source of ozone depletion

• Very stable
• Insoluble in water (rain)

• As a result: it can travel from the lower

atmosphere up until it reaches the ozone layer
 ODC
CFC
Five main CFC’s others

• CFC-11 (trichlorofluoromethane - CFCl3)

• CFC-12 (dichloro-difluoromethane- CF2Cl2)
• CFC-113 (trichloro-trifluoroethane- C2F3Cl3)
• CFC-114 (dichloro-tetrfluoroethane- C2F4Cl2)
• CFC-115 (chloropentafluoroethane- C2F5Cl)
 Other ODC
• Halons or bromofluorocarbons are
Bromine containing compounds that
function the same way as CFC’s but are
10-100 times more reactive

• HCFC’s are the alternative to CFC but are

still ODS but with a smaller lifespan
– They are also greenhouse gases
 ODC
CFC
others

• 82% of stratospheric chlorine came from ODC

• with 51% being carried there by CFC-11 and

CFC-12.
 ODC
CFC
others

Source: World Meteorological Organization, Scientific Assessment of

Ozone Depletion: 1998, WMO Global Ozone Research and Monitoring
Project - Report No. 44, Geneva, 1998.
 ODC
CFC
others

List of ODS according to Scientific Assessment

of Ozone Depletion: 2002

Source: Scientific
Assessment of Ozone
Depletion: 2002
 ODC
CFC
Table of ods part II others

Want some more?

Source: Scientific
Assessment of Ozone
Depletion: 2002
 Sources of ODS
• CFCs are widely used as coolants in
refrigeration and air conditioners

• …used as solvents in cleaners (for electronic

boards)

• …used as a blowing agents in the production of

foam (i.e., frire extinguishers)

• …used as propellants in aerosols.

• Some ODS are used as pesticides and
fumigants
In depth
ODC uses
and their
alternatives
Bottom line is: many man
made technologies depend
on the use of ODC
 Natural sources of Cl
• Major volcanic eruptions can inject Cl into
the stratosphere mostly in the form of HCl

• …but volcanic aerosols are quickly

dissolved

– Example: Mt. Pinatubo eruption of 1991which

released 30 Megatons of debris
Amount of aerosols in the
stratosphere
Mechanism
CAUSES
• CF2Cl2 --------->
Light energy
Cl + CF2Cl
ODC

CFC’s
• As CFC reaches the stratosphere, they are
broken down by light and this process
Mechanism
releases Cl
sources
Mechanism
CAUSES
• Cl + O3  ClO + O2
ODC
• ClO + O  Cl + O2
CFC’s
O3 is converted to O2
therefore, less O3 is available to block the UV
Mechanism
rays
sources

• Most of the chlorine comes from man made

emissions such as CFC’s
 Mechanism
Cl + O3 O2 +ClO
ClO +O O2 + Cl

Take note that the ozone depleting process is a

cycle as Cl can react again for as much as
100,000 times
 Mechanism
BrO + ClO -> BrCl + O2
BrCl + hv -> Br + Cl
Br + O3 -> BrO + O2
Cl + O3 -> ClO + O2
-----------------------
Net: 2 O3 -> 3 O2

Bromine are 10 to 100 times more destructive than Cl

Take note that:

decreasing Cl also decreases Br’s destructiveness
 Effects of Ozone Depletion
• This is the reason why

WE SHOULD CARE
 Effects of Ozone Depletion
• Damage to marine life - Smith et.al
_Science_1992 found a 6-12% drop in
phytoplankton productivity once their ship
entered the area of the spring-time ozone
hole

• When over 200 agricultural plants were

tested, more than half showed sensitivity
to UV-B light.
• Marine wild life and ecosystem – plankton
are sensitive to UV

• radiation affects orientation mechanisms

and motility in phytoplankton, thus:
reduced survival rates for these organisms

• decreased reproductive capacity and

impaired larval development
 Effects of Ozone Depletion
• Genetic damage - DNA absorbs UV-B
light and the absorbed energy can break
bonds in the DNA
• Skin cancers – effect of genetic damage
– 90% of the skin carcinomas are attributed to
UV-B exposure
• [R.P.Wayne, Chemistry of the Atmospheres 2nd
ed. Oxford 1991]
• Strong UV radiation from the Sun can cause
inflammation of the cornea, the outer coating of the
eyeball, leading to photokeratosis or "snow
blindness“

• … permanent damage to the cornea

• …dimming of the eye's lens and increased risk for

cataracts

• …eye cancer, conjunctivitis and pterygium

• 1% decrease in stratospheric ozone may result in 100,000 to

150,000 additional cases of blindness due to eye cataracts
worldwide.
• Material damages - Increased UV-B
radiation can accelerate the deterioration
of plastics, wood, paper, cotton and wool
(Manins et. al., 2001).
• Air pollution - as more UV reaches the
lower troposphere, more high-energy EM
waves will decompose oxygen and
produce Ozone... Resulting to
photochemical smog

» By the way, Ozone is poisonous

 Sources
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

NASA

Wikipedia

http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk

http://www.ozone.gi.alaska.edu

Apologies to many others who have been

forgotten
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