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Earth Retaining Structures
Earth Retaining Structures
Earth Retaining Structures
Geotechnical Engineering
Submitted To:
DR.J.N Jha
Submitted By:
Jaswinder Pal Singh
GE-1312 (3rd Semester)
Introduction
Earth Retaining Structures: Earth Retaining Structures retain
soil and resist lateral earth pressure. they ensure stability to an area
where the ground level is quite different on both sides of the
structures.
L-Cantilever Retaining
Wall
BASEMENT WALLS:
A reinforced concrete basement retaining wall is
structurally quite different from a cantilever
retaining wall.
In a basement wall the main tension rebar is on
the inside wall face while in a cantilever wall the
main tension rebar is on the outside face. In a
basement wall the base footing does not
transmit a moment to the soil, but only resists
sliding.
It is essential for the Construction Supervisor to
differential between cantilever retaining walls
and basement retaining walls during
construction.
Basement walls must be supported at the top
prior to backfilling, which can be very difficult in
some cases.
Stability Condition
A retaining wall must be Stable as a whole ,and must have
sufficient strength to resist the forces acting on it .
In order that the wall be stable, the following conditions
should be satisfied:
i. The wall must be strong enough to resist the bending
moment and shear force.
ii. The wall should not overturn.
iii. Maximum pressure at base should not exceed the SBC of
soil.
iv. The wall Should not slide due to lateral pressure.
M m ax
I
Qallowable Y
4cu
Where h4 is obtained in terms of d . Taking moments about the bottom of the sheet
pile and equating this to zero:
..14.32
2
2
1
h4
d
P (d z ) 8cu
[4cu (m. gh1 gh 2)]
0
2
3
2
p( p 12 cuz )
0
3.Braced Excavation
When the narrow and deep trenches are excavated for the installation of
pipelines or etc ,it is necessary to protect against any potential failure .
Here sheet piles are driven into the ground prior to the excavation.
As excavation proceeds ,Wales and struts are placed from top to bottom.
Wales are the beams placed longitudinally along the excavation.
Struts are placed between the Wales on the opposite sides of the wall to
carry the earth pressure in compression.
To design the bracing system, it is necessary to know the lateral pressure
distribution along the walls of the excavation.
The analysis of the bracing systems to determine the struts to determine
the struts loads . as shown in figure 14.12.joints B,C,D and E act like hinges
that do not carry any moments.
At any hinge where the pressure diagram is divided . The struts force is
broken into two components (e.g,F2 and F2)one acting on each block.
After these components are computed Separately they are added
together(i.e,.F2=F2+F2) to the given strut load.
Braced Excavation
4.Coffer Dams
A coffer dam is temporary structure constructed usually in a
river , lake etc. to keep the working area for construction of
other structures . after the coffer dam is constructed , the
area is dewatered by pumping though the coffer dams is
meant to be watertight, a certain amount of constant
pumping is required as some water may leak through the
coffer dam and foundation . there are various types of coffer
dams are:
1. Earth Embankments
2. Double wall coffer Dams
3. Braced coffer Dams
4. Cellular Coffer Dams
5. Hybrid coffer Dams
Requirement of Cofferdam
Cofferdam Should be reasonably watertight.
Absolute water tightness is not desired in a
cofferdam
Designed in maximum water level
Ground water or water lying above ground level
should be excluded.
Constructed at site of work
Depend depth .soil condition, difference in water
level, availability of materials
uses
References
Design Aids in Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering By
SHENBAGA R. KANIRAJ
Geotechnical Engineering (A Practical Problem Solving Approach)
By N.Sivakugan and Braja M.Das
Soil Mechanics and Foundations by Dr.B.C Punmia, Ashok kumar Jain and
Arun kumar Jain.