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Modern Period (17th-19th Century) On Mathematics
Modern Period (17th-19th Century) On Mathematics
Mathematics
TH
17
TH
19
Century
th
17
Century Mathematics
John Napier
Marin Mersenne
Rene Descartes
Pierre de Fermat
Blaise Pascal
Gerard (Girard) Desargues
Isaac Newton
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
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17
Century Mathematics
John
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17
Century Mathematics
John Napier
Logarithms
Description
Significant contributions
Chemistry(pH)
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17
Century Mathematics
Napiers
Rods/Bones
Made of ivory so
that it looked like
bones
Aided in
multiplication and
division
John Napier
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17
Century Mathematics
Napiers
John Napier
Rods/Bones
Example:
825
x 913
2475
8250
+ 742500
753225
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17
Century Mathematics
Marin
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17
Century Mathematics
Marin Mersenne
Theory
Cryptography
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17
Century Mathematics
Rene
French Philosopher,
Mathematician, and Writer
Father of Modern Philosophy
Made an important
contribution in Analytical
Geometry by developing the
Cartesian Plane.
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17
Century Mathematics
Algebra
to Geometry; thus,
making new
innovations in
Analytic Geometry
Rene Descartes
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17
Century Mathematics
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17
Century Mathematics
Pierre
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17
Century Mathematics
Pierre de Fermat
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17
Century Mathematics
Pierre de Fermat
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17
Century Mathematics
Fermats
Pierre de Fermat
Contributions
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17
Century Mathematics
Pierre de Fermat
Fermats Factorization
Method
Infinite Descent
Probability (gambling)
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17
Century Mathematics
Fermats
Last
Theorem
Puzzled
years.
mathematicians
for
350
Pierre de Fermat
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17
Century Mathematics
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17
Century Mathematics
Blaise
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17
Century Mathematics
Blaises
Contributions
Essay on conic
sections (16 years old)
First Arithmetical
Machine (Pascaline,
18)
Blaise Pascal
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17
Century Mathematics
Blaise Pascal
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17
Century Mathematics
Gerard
Born
in aristocratic family
Mathematician and Engineer
Worked as tutor, engineer, architect
and technical consultant
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17
Century Mathematics
Gerard Desargues
Gerards Contribution
Desargues
Perspective Theorem
Epicycloidial
Wheel
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17
Century Mathematics
Gerard Desargues
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17
Century Mathematics
Gerard Desargues
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17
Century Mathematics
Isaac
Newton (1643-1727)
A physicist, astronomer,
alchemist and a theologian
Made a book called the
Philosophi Naturalis
Principia Mathematica or
Mathematical Principles
of Natural Philosophy or
also called as Principia
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17
Century Mathematics
Isaac Newton
Law of Inertia
Every body persists in its state of being at rest or of moving uniformly straight
forward, except insofar as it is compelled to change its state by force
impressed
F=ma
Action-Reaction
To every action there is always an equal and opposite reaction: or the forces
of two bodies on each other are always equal and are directed in opposite
directions..
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17
Century Mathematics
Isaac Newton
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17
Century Mathematics
Isaac Newton
Differentiation
(derivative)
approximates
the slope of a
curve as the
interval
approaches
zero
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17
Century Mathematics
Isaac Newton
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17
Century Mathematics
Integration
approximates the
area under a
curve as the size
of the samples
approaches zero.
Isaac Newton
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17
Century Mathematics
Gottfried
(1646-1716)
Wilhelm Leibniz
German polymath
one of the three great 17th
Century rationalists
along with Descartes and
Spinoza
politician and representative
of the royal house of Hanover
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17
Century Mathematics
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Century Mathematics
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Century Mathematics
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Century Mathematics
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Century Mathematics
Newton
and Leibniz
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17
Century Mathematics
Ironically,
it was
Leibnizs mathematics
that eventually
triumphed, and his
notation and his way of
writing calculus, not
Newtons more clumsy
notation, is the one still
used in mathematics
today.
END
of the
th
17 CENTURY
th
18
Century Mathematics
Bernoulli Brothers
(Jacob Bernoulli & Johann Bernoulli)
Leonhard Euler
Christian Goldbach
Abraham de Moivre
Joseph Louis Lagrange
Pierre-Simon Laplace
Adrien-Marie Legendre
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Century Mathematics
Bernoulli
Brothers
Jacob (1654-1705)
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Century Mathematics
Jacob
Bernoulli (1654-1705)
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18
Century Mathematics
Jacob Bernoulli
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Century Mathematics
Bernoulli
Numbers
Jacob Bernoulli
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Century Mathematics
Jacob Bernoulli
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Century Mathematics
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Century Mathematics
Johann Bernoulli
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Century Mathematics
Johann Bernoulli
0 0
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Century Mathematics
Leonhard
Euler (1707-1783 )
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Century Mathematics
Leonhard Euler
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Century Mathematics
Leonhard Euler
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Century Mathematics
Leonhard Euler
= 1
-sometimes known as Eulers Identity
- combines arithmetic, calculus, trigonometry
and complex analysis into what has been
called "the most remarkable formula in
mathematics", "uncanny and sublime" and
"filled with cosmic beauty", among other
descriptions.
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18
Century Mathematics
Leonhard Euler
= +
- Eulers Formula.
- demonstrate the deep relationships
between trigonometry, exponentials and
complex numbers
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18
Century Mathematics
Leonhard Euler
Basel problem
- calculation of infinite sums
- Bernoullis had tried and failed to solve it
- what was the precise sum of the reciprocals of the
squares of all the natural numbers to infinity i.e. 112 + 122 +
132 + 142 ... (a zeta function using a zeta constant of 2)
- showed that the infinite series was equivalent to an infinite
product of prime numbers, an identity which would later
inspire Riemanns investigation of complex zeta functions
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18
Century Mathematics
Seven
Bridges of
Knigsberg
Problem
Leonhard Euler
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Century Mathematics
Leonhard Euler
Some
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18
Century Mathematics
Leonhard Euler
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18
Century Mathematics
Leonhard Euler
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Century Mathematics
Leonhard Euler
He
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Century Mathematics
Christian
Goldbach (1690-1764)
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Century Mathematics
Christian Goldbach
Goldbach Conjecture
Goldbach-Euler Theorem
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18
Century Mathematics
Abraham
de Moivre (1667-1754)
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18
Century Mathematics
Abraham de Moivre
de Moivre'sformula:
( + ) = cos() + ()
generalized Newtons famous binomial
theorem into the multinomial theorem
pioneered the development of analytic
geometry
work on the normal distribution
probability theory
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18
Century Mathematics
Joseph
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Century Mathematics
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Century Mathematics
Lagranges
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Century Mathematics
Pierre-Simon
Laplace (1749-1827 )
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18
Century Mathematics
Pierre-Simon Laplace
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18
Century Mathematics
Adrien-Marie
Legendre (1752-1833 )
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18
Century Mathematics
Adrien-Marie Legendre
END
of the
th
18 CENTURY
Essai
variste Galois
Galois (1811-1832)
variste Galois
In
October 1823, he entered the Lyce Louisle-Grand, and despite some turmoil in the
school at the beginning of the term (when
about a hundred students were expelled),
Galois managed to perform well for the first
two years, obtaining the first prize in Latin.
He
variste Galois
variste Galois
In
He
variste Galois
variste Galois
variste Galois
He
He
variste Galois
Ferdinand Cantor
(1845 1918)
Georg Cantor
Georg Cantor
Georg Cantor
Georg Frobenius
Georg Frobenius
Georg Frobenius
Georg Frobenius
Georg Frobenius
All known proofs of that theorem make use of characters. In his first
paper about characters (1896), Frobenius constructed the
character table of the group PSL(2,p) of order (1/2)(p3 p) for all
odd primes p (this group is simple provided p > 3). He also made
fundamental contributions to the representation theory of the
symmetric and alternating groups.
Georg Frobenius