Kontraksi dan Eksitasi Otot Polos

Musculosceletal System for Nursing

Yulius Tiranda
PSIK STIKes Muhammadiyah Palembang

Karakteristik khusus Otot

Otot mempunyai 4 fungsi utama yaitu, kontraktilitas,
eksitabilitas, ekstensibilitas dan elastisitas.
1. Contractility (kontraktilitas) adalah kemampuan otot
untuk memendek dengan kekuatan tertentu. Ketika otot
berkontraksi, hal tersebut menyebabkan pergerakan struktur
internal otot (filamen otot) dan akan menngakibatkan tekanan
pada organ dan pembuluh darah.
2. Excitability (eksitabilitas) adalah kemampuan otot untuk
merespon stimulus, dimana umumnya otot, khususnya otot
rangka berkontraksi sebagai akibat stimulasi oleh saraf. Otot
polos dan jantung dapat berkontraksi tanpa stimulus luar,
tetapi keduanya juga berkontraksi akibat stimulus saraf dan
hormon.
3. Extensibility (ekstensibilitas) adalah dapat meregang
pada panjang tertentu dengan derajat tertentu.
4. Elasticity (elastisitas) adalah kemampuan otot untuk
kembali ke kondisi semula setelah melakukan proses meregang.

SMOOTH MUSCLE
Smooth muscle tissue is nonstriated and
involuntary and is classified into two types:
visceral (single unit) smooth muscle (Figure
10.18a) and multiunit smooth muscle (Figure
10.18b).
Visceral (single unit) smooth muscle is found in
the walls of hollow viscera and small blood
vessels; the fibers are arranged in a network and
function as a single unit.
Multiunit smooth muscle is found in large blood
vessels, large airways, arrector pili muscles, and
the iris of the eye. The fibers operate singly rather
than as a unit.

Two Types of Smooth Muscle

Visceral (single-unit)
in the walls of hollow
viscera & small BV
autorhythmic
gap junctions cause fibers
to contract in unison
Multiunit
individual fibers with
own motor neuron
ending
found in large arteries,
large airways, arrector
pili muscles,iris & ciliary
body

Single-Unit Muscle

Multi-Unit Muscle

Multi vs. Single-Unit Muscle

Smooth Muscle

Fusiform cells
One nucleus per cell
Nonstriated
Involuntary
Slow, wave-like
contractions

Smooth
Muscle

Cells are not striated

Fibers smaller than those in skeletal
muscle
Spindle-shaped; single, central nucleus
More actin than myosin
No sarcomeres
Not arranged as symmetrically as in
skeletal muscle, thus NO striations.
Caveolae: indentations in sarcolemma;
May act like T tubules

Dense bodies instead of Z disks

Have noncontractile intermediate
filaments

Smooth Muscle

Grouped into sheets in walls of hollow organs

Longitudinal layer muscle fibers run parallel to organs long

axis
Circular layer muscle fibers run around circumference of the
organ
Both layers participate in peristalsis

Smooth Muscle Cell

Microscopic Anatomy of the Smooth

Muscle
Sarcoplasm of smooth muscle fibers contains
both thick and thin filaments which are not
organized into sarcomeres.
Smooth muscle fibers contain intermediate
filaments which are attached to dense bodies.
(Figure 10.19)

Microscopic Anatomy of Smooth

Muscle

Small, involuntary muscle cell -- tapering at ends

Single, oval, centrally located nucleus
Lack T tubules & have little SR for Ca+2 storage

Microscopic Anatomy of Smooth Muscle

Thick & thin myofilaments
not orderly arranged so lacks
sarcomeres
Sliding of thick & thin
filaments generates tension
Transferred to intermediate
filaments & dense bodies
attached to sarcolemma
Muscle fiber contracts and
twists into a helix as it
shortens -- relaxes by
untwisting

Physiology of Smooth Muscle

Contraction starts slowly & lasts longer
no transverse tubules & very little SR
Ca+2 must flows in from outside

In smooth muscle, the regulator protein that

binds calcium ions in the cytosol is calmodulin
(in place of the role of troponin in striated
muscle);
calmodulin activates the enzyme myosin light
chain kinase, which facilitates myosin-actin
binding and allows contraction to occur at a
relatively slow rate.

Smooth Muscle Tone

The prolonged presence of calcium ions in the
cytosol of smooth muscle fibers provides for
smooth muscle tone, a state of continued partial
contraction.
Smooth muscle fibers can stretch considerably
without developing tension; this phenomenon is
termed the stress-relaxation response.
Useful for maintaining blood pressure or a
steady pressure on the contents of GI tract

DEVELOPMENT OF MUSCLE
With few exceptions, muscles develop from
mesoderm (Figure 6.13a)
Skeletal muscles of the head and extremities
develop from general mesoderm; the remainder
of the skeletal muscles develop from mesoderm
of somites (Figure 10.20a).

Fusion of Myoblasts into Muscle

Fibers

Mature muscle cells developed from 100 myoblasts that fuse together in
the fetus. (multinucleated)
Mature muscle cells are not known to divide.
Muscle growth is a result of cellular enlargement (hypertrophy) & not
cell division (hyperplasia)
Satellite cells retain the ability to regenerate new cells.

Developmental Anatomy of the Muscular System

Develops from mesoderm

Somite formation
blocks of mesoderm give rise
to vertebrae and skeletal
muscles of the back

Muscles of head & limbs

develop from general
mesoderm

Regeneration of Muscle
Skeletal muscle fibers cannot divide after 1st year
growth is enlargement of existing cells
repair
satellite cells & bone marrow produce some new
cells
if not enough numbers---fibrosis occurs most
often

Cardiac muscle fibers cannot divide or regenerate

all healing is done by fibrosis (scar formation)

Smooth muscle fibers (regeneration is possible)

cells can grow in size (hypertrophy)
some cells (uterus) can divide (hyperplasia)
new fibers can form from stem cells in BV walls

Aging and Muscle Tissue

Skeletal muscle starts to be replaced by fat
beginning at 30
use it or lose it

Slowing of reflexes & decrease in maximal strength

Change in fiber type to slow oxidative fibers may be
due to lack of use or may be result of aging

Excitation-Contraction Coupling:
(below)

Regulation of Contraction by Calcium Ions

For skeletal muscle, calcium ions initiate contraction
Smooth muscle has no troponine but does contain the thin
filament protein tropomyosin and other notable proteins caldesmon and calponin.
Combination of calcium ions with calmodulin in smooth
muscle
Calmodulin: a special protein that reacts with four calcium
ions.
Three steps for activation and contraction by calmoduline
1. Calcium ions bind with calmodulin
2. Calmodulin-calcium conbination then joins with and
activates myosin kinase, an enzyme
3. One of the light chains of each myosin head becomes
phosphrelated by myosin kinase. The head binds with the
actin filament (less clacum, reverse phosphorylation due
to myosin phosphatase, then cessation of contractoin)

 No neuromuscular junctions of the highly

structured type in smooth muscle, unlike
skeletal muscles
Instead the autonomic nerve fibers innervate
smooth muscle

Smooth Muscle Contraction: Mechanism

Mekanisme Kontraksi pada Otot Polos

1. Pada saat sebuah hormon berikatan pada reseptor di
membran maka akan mengaktifkan sebuah molekul G protein
akibat terjadinya mekanisme depolarisasi membran plasma.
2. Akibat depolarisasi membran plasma akan membuka kanal
Ca2+ di permukaan membran plasma dan memicu proses
difusi Ca2+ melalui kanal Ca2+ yang kemudian akan
berkombinasi dengan calmodulin.
3. Calmodulin dengan Ca2+ yang telah membentuk ikatan
kemudian melekat pada miosin kinase dan mengaktivasi
protein kinase ini.
4. Aktivasi miosin kinase menempelkan phosphat dari ATP pada
kepala miosin untuk mengaktifkan proses kontraktil.
5. Kemudian terjadilah sebuah siklus cross-bridge formation,
pergerakan, dan pelepasan ikatan protein kontraktil yang
terlibat.
6. Relaksasi pada otot polos terjadi ketika miosin phosphatase
memindahkan phosphat dari miosin.

Smooth Muscle Relaxation: Mechanism

Properties of Single-Unit Smooth Muscle

Gap junctions
Pacemaker cells
with spontaneous
depolarizations
Innervation to few
cells
Tone = level of
contraction without
stimulation
Increases/decreases
in tension

Graded Contractions
No recruitment
Vary intracellular
calcium

Stretch Reflex
Relaxation in
response to sudden
or prolonged stretch

Release and uptake of calcium by the sarcoplasmic reticulum during

contraction and relaxation of a skeletal muscle fiber.

Comparisons Among Skeletal, Smooth, and

Cardiac Muscle

Comparison of smooth muscle contraction

with skeletal muscle contraction
Most skeletal muscles contact and relax rapidly
Smooth muscle contraction is prolonged, lasting
hours or even days.
Some of the differences
1. Slow cycling of the myosin cross-bridges
Attachment to actin and release from actin is
much slower. As little as 1/10 to 1/300 the
frequency
Yet the fraction of time that the cross-bridges
remain attached to the actin is greater in smooth
muscl

2. Energy required to sustain smooth muscle

contraction
Only 1/10 to 1/300 as much energy is required to
sustain the same tension of contraction in smooth
muscle
Explains in tension in intestines, urinary bladder,
gallbladder (tonic muscle contaction of these.
Energy saving)
3. Slowness of onset of contraction and relaxation of
smooth muscle
Total contraction time of 1 to 3 seconds
30 times as long as a single contraction of a skeletal
muscle
Slow attachement and detachement
Initiation of contraction due to calcium is much
slower to

4. Force of smooth muscle contraction

Max. force of contraction of smooth muscle is
greater than that of skeletal muscle, as great as 4 to
6 kg/cm2 in comparison to 3 to 4 kg for skeletal
muscle
This great force results from the prolonged
attachment of the myosin cross-bridges to actin
5. Latch mechanism
After full contraction, actin-myosin continue to be
attached (latched) continuously generating tension
without using ATP. (a very low affinity for ATP)
This mechanism is called the latch mechanism and
saves the smooth muscle cell a great deal of ATP

Terima kasih