Perception … ?

BY:-
SONALI KAUSHIK

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“ WE DON’T SEE THINGS AS

THEY ARE, WE SEE

THINGS AS WE ARE.”

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Organizational Behavior /
Perception 5
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Perception

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Perception: -

Making Judgements about

Others

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Perception …

Perception is the process of receiving

information about and making sense of
the world around us. It involves
deciding which information to notice,
how to categorize this information and
how to interpret it within the
framework of existing knowledge.

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Factors Influencing Perception:

1.) Perceiver

2.) Target

3.) Situation

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 Perception versus sensation
Perception Sensation
 Perception is our  Sensation is a part of
experience of an object our experience.
or situation before us.  A sensation can get an
 Knowledge is gained idea of the situation.
through perception.  By sensation we get an
 Through perception we idea of the qualities of
understand the related the object i.e., color,
object. smell or taste.

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Person Perception: Making Judgments
About Others

Distinctiveness:
Distinctiveness:shows
showsdifferent
differentbehaviors
behaviorsinindifferent
differentsituations.
situations.
Consensus:
Consensus:response
responseisisthe
thesame
sameasasothers
otherstotosame
samesituation.
situation.
Consistency:
Consistency:responds
respondsininthe
thesame
sameway
wayover
overtime.
time.
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Attribution Theory
FACTORS IN PERCEPTUAL
SELECTIVITY

Internal factors

External factors

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 INTERNAL FACTORS

1. Self Concept
2. Beliefs
3. Expectations
4. Response disposition
5. Perceptual Defense

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 1. Size
EXTERNAL FACTORS - 2. Intensity
3. Repetition
4. Novelty and Familiarity
5. Contrast
6. Motion

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PERCEPTIONAL ORGANIZATION

 It deals with the manner in which

selected stimuli are organized.

Figure- PERCEPTUA
ground L GROUPING

PERCEPTUAL PERCEPTUA
CONSTANCY L CONTEXT 25
1. Figure- ground

Figure is more clearly perceived because

it appears to be dominant.

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 2.PERCEPTUAL GROUPING

It includes:-
 Similarity

 Proximity

Closure

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3.PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCY

Gives a person a sense of stability in the

changing environment.

 Shape constancy
 Size constancy
 color

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4.PERCEPTUAL CONTEXT

It gives meaning and value to the stimuli

objects and situation.

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5.PERCEPTUAL DEFENCE

Play’s very important role in

understanding:-
 union management
 supervisor subordinate relationship.

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DISTORTION OR ERRORS IN PERCEPTION

1.) Selective Perception

2.) Halo Effect
3.) Contrast Effects
4.) Projection
5.) Stereotyping

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DISTORTION OR ERRORS IN
PERCEPTION
DISTORTION OR ERRORS IN PERCEPTION
DISTORTION OR ERRORS IN PERCEPTION
 PROCESS OF PERCEPTION (SOBC
Model) ...

Stimulus :-
A stimulus is any unit of input of any of the senses. 35
 Perceptual Process …
Selecting Stimuli

External factors : Nature,
Location, Size, contrast,
Receiving Stimuli Movement, repetition, similarity
(External & Internal) Internal factors : Learning,
needs, age, Interest,

Interpreting Organizing
Attribution ,Stereotyping, Figure Background ,
Halo Effect, Projection Perceptual Grouping
( similarity, proximity,
closure, )

: Attitudes ,
Motivation,
Feeling
Behavior

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PERCEPTUAL OUTPUT

Treated as - the development of

Attitudes
Opinions
Beliefs
Impression
PERCEPTUAL INPUTS

Information
Objects
Events
People
PERCEPTUAL MECHANISM

Selection of stimuli
Organization of stimuli
Interpretation of stimuli

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MANAGERIAL APPLICATIONS OF
PERCEPTION

1. Selection of employees
2. Interpersonal working
relationship
3. Performance appraisal

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Specific Applications in
Organizations:

1.) Employment Interview

2.) Performance Expectations

(Self Fulfilling Prophecy)

3.) Performance Evaluation

4.) Employee Effort

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Specific Applications in Organizations

 Employment Interview
◦ Perceptual biases affect the accuracy of interviewers’
judgments of applicants.
 Performance Expectations
◦ Self-fulfilling prophecy :The lower or higher
performance of employees reflects preconceived
leader expectations about employee capabilities.
 Performance Evaluations
◦ Appraisals are subjective perceptions of performance.
 Employee Effort
◦ Assessment of individual effort is a subjective
judgment subject to perceptual distortion and bias.
 DEVELOPMENT PERCEPTUAL
SKILLS

1. Perceiving oneself accurately

2. Enhancing self- concept
3. Having positive attitude
4. Avoiding common perceptual
distortions

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